AcknowledgementsOur grateful thanks are due to many people without whose help this book would not havebeen produced.We areparticularlygrateful to Carol Glasson, who typed and retypedseveral drafts to tight deadlines and to high quality,and who provided invaluableassistance inbringingtogether the disparate contributions ofthethree authors.Our thanksalsogotoRob Woodwardforhisproductionof manyof theillustrations.Weareverygrateful to our consultancy clients and research sponsors, who have underpinned thework oftheImpact AssessmentUnit in the School of Planning at Oxford BrookesUniversity(formerlyOxfordPolytechnic).Michael Gammonprovidedthe initiativeandconstant support;Phil Saunders and AndrewHammondmaintained thepositive link withthe electricity supply industry.Other valuablesupporthas been provided bytheRoyalSociety for the Protection of Birds,the Economic and Social Research Council andPCFC.Our students at Oxford Brookes University on both undergraduate and postgraduateprogrammes have critically tested many of our ideas.In this respect we should liketoacknowledge, in particular,the students on the MSc course in Environmental Assessmentand Management.The editiorial and presentation supportforthesecond editionby staifat Taylor and Francis is very gratefully acknowledged.We have benefited from thesupport of colleagues in the Schools of Planningand Biological and Molecular Sciences,andfromthewidercommunityof EIA academics,researchersand consultants,whohavehelped tokeep us on our toes.Wearealsogratefulforpermissiontousematerial fromthefollowingsources:Environmental Data Service(Figs3.2,3.3).BritishAssociation of NatureConservationists(cartoons:Parts2and3).Rendel Planning (Fig.4.3).UNEPIndustryandEnvironmentOffice(Fig.4.5andTable4.3).UniversityofManchester,Departmentof Planningand Landscape,EIACentre(Tables5.8, 8.1, Figs. 8.4, 8.7, Appendix 3)John Wiley & Sons (Tables 6.1, 6.2).BaselineEnvironmental Consulting,WestBerkeley,California (Fig.7.2).David Tyldesleyand Associates (Fig.9.1 and Table9.5)UKDepartmentofEnvironment(Table6.4).UKDepartmentofTransport(Table10.1)Planningnewspaper(cartoon:Part4).KentCountyCouncil PlanningDepartment (Fig.13.3).HertfordshireCountyCouncil PlanningDepartment(Table13.1,Fig.13.4)
Acknowledgements Our grateful thanks are due to many people without whose help this book would not have been produced. We are particularly grateful to Carol Glasson, who typed and retyped several drafts to tight deadlines and to high quality, and who provided invaluable assistance in bringing together the disparate contributions of the three authors. Our thanks also go to Rob Woodward for his production of many of the illustrations. We are very grateful to our consultancy clients and research sponsors, who have underpinned the work of the Impact Assessment Unit in the School of Planning at Oxford Brookes University (formerly Oxford Polytechnic). Michael Gammon provided the initiative and constant support; Phil Saunders and Andrew Hammond maintained the positive link with the electricity supply industry. Other valuable support has been provided by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the Economic and Social Research Council and PCFC. Our students at Oxford Brookes University on both undergraduate and postgraduate programmes have critically tested many of our ideas. In this respect we should like to acknowledge, in particular, the students on the MSc course in Environmental Assessment and Management. The editiorial and presentation support for the second edition by staif at Taylor and Francis is very gratefully acknowledged. We have benefited from the support of colleagues in the Schools of Planning and Biological and Molecular Sciences, and from the wider community of EIA academics, researchers and consultants, who have helped to keep us on our toes. We are also grateful for permission to use material from the following sources: ● Environmental Data Service (Figs 3.2, 3.3) ● British Association of Nature Conservationists (cartoons: Parts 2 and 3) ● Rendel Planning (Fig. 4.3) ● UNEP Industry and Environment Office (Fig. 4.5 and Table 4.3) ● University of Manchester, Department of Planning and Landscape, EIA Centre (Tables 5.8, 8.1, Figs. 8.4, 8.7, Appendix 3) ● John Wiley & Sons (Tables 6.1, 6.2) ● Baseline Environmental Consulting, West Berkeley, California (Fig. 7.2) ● David Tyldesley and Associates (Fig. 9.1 and Table 9.5) ● UK Department of Environment (Table 6.4) ● UK Department of Transport (Table 10.1) ● Planning newspaper (cartoon: Part 4) ● Kent County Council Planning Department (Fig. 13.3). ● Hertfordshire County Council Planning Department (Table 13.1, Fig. 13.4)
AbbreviationsAEEassessmentofenvironmental effectsAONBArea of Outstanding Natural BeautyBATNEECbest availabletechnique not entailing excessive costsBPEObestpracticableenvironmental optionCBAcost-benefit analysisCCcounty councilCEAACanadian Environmental Assessment AgencyCECCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunitiesCEGBCentral Electricity Generating BoardCEPACommonwealth Environmental Protection Agency(Australia)CEQCouncil on Environmental Quality (us)CEQACalifornia Environmental QualityActCHPcombined heat and powerCIEcommunity impact evaluationCPRECouncil for the Protection of Rural EnglandCVMcontingent valuation methodDoEnDepartment of EnergyDCdistrict councilDETRDepartment of Environment, Transport and the RegionsDGDirectorate General (CEC)DMRBDesign Manual for Roads and BridgesDOEDepartment of the EnvironmentDOTDepartment of TransportDTIDepartment of Trade and IndustryEAenvironmental assessmentEBRDEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentECEuropeanCommunityEESenvironmental evaluation systemEIAenvironmental impactassessmentEIRenvironmental impact report
Abbreviations AEE assessment of environmental effects AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty BATNEEC best available technique not entailing excessive costs BPEO best practicable environmental option CBA cost-benefit analysis CC county council CEAA Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency CEC Commission of the European Communities CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board CEPA Commonwealth Environmental Protection Agency (Australia) CEQ Council on Environmental Quality (us) CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CHP combined heat and power CIE community impact evaluation CPRE Council for the Protection of Rural England CVM contingent valuation method DoEn Department of Energy DC district council DETR Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions DG Directorate General (CEC) DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges DOE Department of the Environment DOT Department of Transport DTI Department of Trade and Industry EA environmental assessment EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community EES environmental evaluation system EIA environmental impact assessment EIR environmental impact report
EISenvironmentalimpactstatementEMASeco-management and audit scheme (CEC)EMSenvironmental management systemENEnglish NatureEPAEnvironmental Protection ActESenvironmental statementESIelectricity supply industryESRCEconomic and Social Research CouncilEUEuropeanUnionFGDflue gas desulphurizationFOEFriends of the EarthFONSIfinding of no significant impactGAMgoals achievement matrixGISgeographical information systemGNPgross national producthahectaresHMIPHerMajesty'sInspectorateofPollutionHMSOHer Majesty's Stationery OfficeIAIAInternational Associationfor ImpactAssessmentIAUImpact Assessment Unit (Oxford Brookes)IEAInstitute of Environmental AssessmentIFIInternational Funding InstitutionIPCintegrated pollution controlkmkilometreLCPlargecombustionplantLILandscape InstituteLPAlocal planning authorityLULUlocally unacceptable land useMAFFMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodMAUTmulti-attribute utility theoryMEAManual of environmental appraisalMWmegawattsNEPANational Environmental Policy Act (us)NEPPNational Environmental Policy Plan (Netherlands)NGOnon-government organizationNIMBYnot in my back yard
EIS environmental impact statement EMAS eco-management and audit scheme (CEC) EMS environmental management system EN English Nature EPA Environmental Protection Act ES environmental statement ESI electricity supply industry ESRC Economic and Social Research Council EU European Union FGD flue gas desulphurization FOE Friends of the Earth FONSI finding of no significant impact GAM goals achievement matrix GIS geographical information system GNP gross national product ha hectares HMIP Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office IAIA International Association for Impact Assessment IAU Impact Assessment Unit (Oxford Brookes) IEA Institute of Environmental Assessment IFI International Funding Institution IPC integrated pollution control km kilometre LCP large combustion plant LI Landscape Institute LPA local planning authority LULU locally unacceptable land use MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food MAUT multi-attribute utility theory MEA Manual of environmental appraisal MW megawatts NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (us) NEPP National Environmental Policy Plan (Netherlands) NGO non-government organization NIMBY not in my back yard
NRANational Rivers AuthorityPADCproject appraisal for development controlPBSplanning balance sheetPPGPlanning Policy Guidance notePPPSpolicies, plansand programmesPWRpressurised water reactorRAriskassessmentRSPBRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsRTPIRoyal Town Planning InstituteSACTRAStandingAdvisoryCommitteeonTrunkRoadAssessmentSDDScottishDevelopmentDepartmentSEAstrategic environmental assessmentSIAsocial impactassessmentSOSSecretaryof StateSSSISite of Special Scientific InterestT&CPtown and country planningUKUnitedKingdomUNCEDUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentUNECEUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeUNEPUnited NationsEnvironment ProgrammeUSUnited StatesWRAMWaterResourcesAssessmentMethod
NRA National Rivers Authority PADC project appraisal for development control PBS planning balance sheet PPG Planning Policy Guidance note PPPS policies, plans and programmes PWR pressurised water reactor RA risk assessment RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RTPI Royal Town Planning Institute SACTRA Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment SDD Scottish Development Department SEA strategic environmental assessment SIA social impact assessment SOS Secretary of State SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest T&CP town and country planning UK United Kingdom UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme US United States WRAM Water Resources Assessment Method
Part 1Principles and proceduresWTATHECRYCFTHESSOELBENIFLSPOTLOONTOATRLIYESTNE-MLENERS
Part 1 Principles and procedures