Pneumonia can result whenever these defense mechanisms are impaired or the resistance of the host is lowered: Defects in innate immunity and immunodeficiency Cell-mediated immune defects Exogenous aspects of lifestyle interfere cigarette smoke, alcohol --From the nasopharynx all the way into the alveolar airspaces Pulmonary infections in the form of pneumonia are responsible for one-sixth of all deaths in the usa
11 Defects in innate immunity and immunodeficiency Cell-mediated immune defects Exogenous aspects of lifestyle interfere: cigarette smoke, alcohol --From the nasopharynx all the way into the alveolar airspaces Pulmonary infections in the form of pneumonia are responsible for one-sixth of all deaths in the USA. Pneumonia can result whenever these defense mechanisms are impaired or the resistance of the host is lowered:
I。 Pneumonia 肺炎 Pneumonia can be very broadly defined as any infection in the lung Classification It is best to classify pneumonias either by the specific etiologic agent( Air containing hazardous dusts, chemicals and microorganisms )or, if no pathogen can be isolated, by the clinical setting in which infection occurs
12 I. Pneumonia 肺 炎 Pneumonia can be very broadly defined as any infection in the lung Classification: It is best to classify pneumonias either by the specific etiologic agent ( Air containing hazardous dusts, chemicals and microorganisms ) or, if no pathogen can be isolated, by the clinical setting in which infection occurs
The Pneumonia syndromes Pneumonia can arise in seven distinct clinical settings: Community-Acquired Acute Pneumonia Community-Acquired Atypical Pneumonia Nosocomial pneumonia Aspiration Pneumonia Chronic pneumonia Necrotizing Pneumonia and Lung abscess Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host 13
13 The Pneumonia Syndromes Pneumonia can arise in seven distinct clinical settings: Community-Acquired Acute Pneumonia Community-Acquired Atypical Pneumonia Nosocomial Pneumonia Aspiration Pneumonia Chronic Pneumonia Necrotizing Pneumonia and Lung Abscess Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host
Acute fulminant or chronic Histologic spectrum A Fibrinopurulent alveolar exudates acute bacterial pneumonias Mononuclear interstitial infiltrates viral and other atypical pneumonias A Granulomas and cavitation chronic pneumonias 14
14 Acute, fulminant or chronic Histologic spectrum Fibrinopurulent alveolar exudates — acute bacterial pneumonias Mononuclear interstitial infiltrates — viral and other atypical pneumonias Granulomas and cavitation — chronic pneumonias
Bronchopneumonia Lobar pneumonia Anatomic and radiographic patterns Acute bacterial pneumonias ▲ Lobar pneumonia Consolidation of a large portion of a lobe or of an entire lobe A Lobular pneumonia ( Bronchopneumonia) Scattered solid foci in the same or severallo bes: an initial infection of the bronchi and bronchioles with extension into the adjacent alveoli 15
15 Anatomic and radiographic patterns: Acute bacterial pneumonias Lobar pneumonia Consolidation of a large portion of a lobe or of an entire lobe Lobular pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia) Scattered solid foci in the same or several lobes; an initial infection of the bronchi and bronchioles with extension into the adjacent alveoli