感会 FIGURE 22.1. Normal bronchus. The bronchus is lined by ciliated columnar epithelium (1). foci of goblet cells (2), cartilage (3) and smooth muscle(4). The small arteries seen here (5)are branches of the bronchial artery which cames oxygenated blood from the left ventricle 6
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B FIGURE 22.2. Bronchioles and alveoli. The small bronchiole(B)seen here is lined by a cuboidal epithe lium and smooth muscle. The large adjacent arteriole(A) is a branch of the pulmonary artery. The veins or venules (V) run in septa. The alveolar walls(arrow)are normally lined with flat type I epithelium. of which only the nuclei are visible. Alveolar macrophages(arrowheads) are common
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Remarks 1. Respiratory system is communicating with external environment, so it is susceptible to the diseases 2. All blood from the body will pass through the lung and the biological pathogens and embolus can be trapped in the lung
8 Remarks 1. Respiratory system is communicating with external environment, so it is susceptible to the diseases. 2. All blood from the body will pass through the lung and the biological pathogens and embolus can be trapped in the lung
3. The lung is closely related to the heart, not only by their location but also by the pulmonary circulation 4. The diseases specific to the lung(e.g damage to the wall of bronchial tree, obstruction of bronchioles and disintegration of alveolar/ capillary membrane)
9 3. The lung is closely related to the heart, not only by their location but also by the pulmonary circulation. 4. The diseases specific to the lung (e.g damage to the wall of bronchial tree, obstruction of bronchioles and disintegration of alveolar/ capillary membrane)
Pulmonary Infections Pulmonary Host Defense Mechanisms Nasal hair and Turbinates Interference from resident flora Mucociliary apparatus and cough Immunoglobulin (gg, IgM, igA) Complement production Cytokines (IL-l, TNF) Alveolar macrophages Polymorphonuclear leukocytes Cell-mediated immunity
10 Pulmonary Host Defense Mechanisms Nasal hair and Turbinates Interference from resident flora Mucociliary apparatus and cough Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) Complement production Cytokines (IL-1, TNF) Alveolar macrophages Polymorphonuclear leukocytes Cell-mediated immunity Pulmonary Infections