(a) A ruby-throated hummingbird obtains nectar from a trumpet vine flower. The pollen grains on the birds feathers will be carried to the next plant. (b) A lesser long-nosed bat obtains nectar from a cardon Figure 5-0 cactus flower and transfers pollen as it moves from flower to flower. Bats pollinate several hundred species of plants. (a, Dan Dempster/Dembinsky Photo Associates b, Merlin Tuttle/Bat Conservation International/Photo Researchers, Inc
Figure 5-0
多糖 戊糖 核苷酸 核酸 (淀粉、纤维素) 半纤维素 葡萄糖 戊糖磷酸循环!丁糖 脂肛 单糖 丙糖磷酸 脂肪酸 糖 磷酸甘油酸 酵 砷酸烯醇 酚类化合物(酪氨酸、 卡尔文循 式丙酮酸 苯丙氨 酸、色磷酸、木 质素、莽草酸、香豆素 丝氨酸族 氨基酸 COz 丙酮酸族氨基酸二二丙酮酸—酒精、乳酸 类萜化合物 赤毒「类胡萝卜素 素、橡胶、挥发油 乙酰辅酶A 丙二酰辅酶A 花色亲、脱落酸) Fig 5-1 烟碱 其他氨基酸 天冬氨酸族氨基酸一草酰乙酸 酮戊二酸一谷氨酸族氨基酸二自 三羧酸祈环 嚎呤核苷酸 (叶绿素、光敏色素、 细胞色素 琥珀酰辅酶A
Fig.5-1
cO Photosynthesis PRIMARY CARBON METABOLISM Erythrose-4-phosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate (3-PGA) Tricarboxylic acid cycle Acetyl COA Aliphatic amino acids Shikimic acid Malonic Mevalonic pathway acid pathway Lacid pathway MEP pathway Aromatic amino acids Nitrogen-containing secondary products Phenolic compounds Terpenes SECONDARY CARBON METABOLISM FIGURE 13. 4 A simplified view of the major pathways of secondary-metabolite Figure 5-2 biosynthesis and their interrelationships with primary metabolism
Figure 5-2
3x Acetyl- CoA(C2) Pyruvate (c3) Glyceraldehyde C3) Mevalonate CHa-C-CH2-CH2-OH Methylerythritol CH phosphate Mevalonic acid Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) cH2-o-① 人c2-更→ soprano(C) Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP Co (DMAPP Cs cH2-0- Monoterpenes (Cto) Goranyl diphosphate (GPP CIo) Triterpenes(cap) Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP Cu) cH2-- Diter penes(Czo) Tetraterpenes (Cao) Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, Czo FIGURE 13.5 Outline of terpene biosynthesis, The basie 5-carbon units of terpenes are synthesized by two different pathways, The phosphorylated intermediates, IPl and DMAPP are combined to make 10-carbon, 15-carbon and larger terpenes. Figure 5-5
Figure 5-5
FIGURE 13. 9 Plant phenolics are Erythrose- 4 Phosphoenolpyruvic biosynthesized in several differ- phosphate acid(from glycolysis) ent ways In higher plants, most(from pentose phenolics are derived at least in phosphate pathway) part from phenylalanine, a prod Shikimic acid Acetyl-CoA pathway Formulas in brackets indicate the basic arrangement of carbon skeletons: Phenylalanine (C-g Malonic acid pathway Cinnamic acid Gl‖i aci indicates a benzene ring, and C is a three-carbon chain More detail on the pathway Hydrolyzable Miscellaneous from phenylalanine onward is tannins phenolics Simple phenolics Flavonoids given in Figure 13. 10 n Figure 5-6 Condensed tannin
Figure 5-6