《MolecularBiology》》双语教学简明教程第1-4章Cell Nucleus Containing23Pairs of ChromosomesGenesChromosomesBasesDNAStrand
1 《Molecular Biology》双语教学简明教程 第1-4章 安徽师范大学生命科学学院
第一章 绪论Chapter1Introduction【教学目的】通过本章教学，使学生明确分子生物学的学科性质、基本内容和学习意义，了解本门课程的教学要求和学习方法。【重点难点】明确分子生物学的概念及研究内容。【教学方法】多媒体教学EnglishAnimation【课时安排】2 课时主要教学内容1.IntroductionMolecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlapswith other areas of biology and chemistry,particularly genetics and biochemistryMolecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between thevarious systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and proteinsynthesisandlearninghowthese interactions are regulated.Thefollowing figureis aschematic that depicts one possible view of the relationship between the fields:FunctionBiochemistryGeroeticsSchematicrelationshipbetweenbiochemistry,geneticsand molecularbiologyProteinsGenesMolecularBiology5
5 第一章 绪论 Chapter 1 Introduction 【教学目的】 通过本章教学，使学生明确分子生物学的学科性质、基本内容和学习意义，了解本门 课程的教学要求和学习方法。 【重点难点】 明确分子生物学的概念及研究内容。 【教学方法】 多媒体教学 English Animation 【课时安排】 2 课时 主要教学内容 1. Introduction Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated. The following figure is a schematic that depicts one possible view of the relationship between the fields: Schematic relationship between biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
2. History of Molecular Biology(1)The Early Years of Genetics1)1859,Charles Darwin and Evolutionary Theory2)1865, Gregor Mendel and Genetics3)1869, Discovery of"Nuclein"4)1909,Gene,Genotype,Phenotype5)1910,GoldenAgeofGenetics-ThomasHuntMorgan6) 1924, it was proposed by Hsien Wu that the protein denaturation is related toits structure.Thenative protein is folded intoa proper structure.But proteinscan be denatured through exposure to heat or chemicals. Denaturedproteins lose its ordered structure and become loose and disordered.7) 1941, George Beadle and Edward Tatum: One gene controls one enzymeoroneprotein.Their workfrom the1930s to 1960marked the transition fromclassical genetics to the molecular era.1958, Nobel Prize in Physiology orMedicine.8)1943,DNA-TransformingPrinciple9) 1952, DNA -- Inherited Substance10)1953,UnravelingtheDNADoubleHelix11)1967,CrackingtheGeneticCode(2)The Birth of Biotechnology1)1968, Plasmid2)1970,RestrictionEnzymesDiscovered3)1972,Recombinant DNA Technology4)1975, DNA Sequencing5)1975, Monoclonal Antibody Technology6)1978,Human Insulin Cloned7) 1983, American biologist Kevin M. Umer published a paper on Science, andtheProteinEngineering was first proposed.6
6 2. History of Molecular Biology (1) The Early Years of Genetics 1) 1859, Charles Darwin and Evolutionary Theory 2) 1865, Gregor Mendel and Genetics 3) 1869, Discovery of "Nuclein" 4) 1909, Gene, Genotype, Phenotype 5) 1910, Golden Age of Genetics - Thomas Hunt Morgan 6) 1924, it was proposed by Hsien Wu that the protein denaturation is related to its structure. The native protein is folded into a proper structure. But proteins can be denatured through exposure to heat or chemicals. Denatured proteins lose its ordered structure and become loose and disordered. 7) 1941, George Beadle and Edward Tatum: One gene controls one enzyme or one protein. Their work from the 1930s to 1960 marked the transition from classical genetics to the molecular era. 1958, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 8) 1943, DNA - Transforming Principle 9) 1952, DNA - Inherited Substance 10) 1953, Unraveling the DNA Double Helix 11) 1967, Cracking the Genetic Code (2) The Birth of Biotechnology 1) 1968, Plasmid 2) 1970, Restriction Enzymes Discovered 3) 1972, Recombinant DNA Technology 4) 1975, DNA Sequencing 5) 1975, Monoclonal Antibody Technology 6) 1978, Human Insulin Cloned 7) 1983, American biologist Kevin M. Ulmer published a paper on Science, and the Protein Engineering was first proposed
(3)TheRevolutionoftheBiotechnology1)1986,ThePolymeraseChainReaction (PCR)2)1987, Victor McKusick and Frank Ruddle added "genomics"to the scientificlexiconasthetitleforthenewjournaltheycofoundedin1987.withemphasisonlineargenemapping,DNAsequencing,andcomparisonofgenomesfromdifferent species.3)1989, The Human Genome Project (HGP)4)1990, First Case of Gene Therapy5)1994,BraveNewFoods6)1996, Announcing Dolly, First Mammal Cloned from Adult Cells7)1996, Development of the Gene Chip8)1997,ThreeClonedMice9)1997,FirstHumanArtificialChromosome(4) WelcometotheGenomicsandPost-GenomicsEra1) 1998, Race for the Genome2)1998, Breakthrough of Stem Cell3)1999,Shotgun sequencing4) 2001, Draft of Human Genome5)2001, Cloning Ban6) 2001-2018, Some cloned animals: cat, pig, horse, dog, monkey...7)2006,The Nobel Prizein Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toAndrew Fire and Craig C. Mello for their work on RNA interference in Celegans, which they published in 1998.8)2007,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toMario R.Capecchi, Sir Martin J.Evans and Oliver Smithies "for theirdiscoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in micebytheuse of embryonic stem cells".9)2008,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toHarald zur Hausenforhis discovery of"human papilloma viruses causingcervical cancer' and the other half jointly to Francoise Barre-Sinoussi andLuc Montagnier for their discovery of"human immunodeficiencyvirus"7
7 (3) The Revolution of the Biotechnology 1) 1986, The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 2) 1987, Victor McKusick and Frank Ruddle added “genomics” to the scientific lexicon as the title for the new journal they cofounded in 1987, with emphasis on linear gene mapping, DNA sequencing, and comparison of genomes from different species. 3) 1989, The Human Genome Project (HGP) 4) 1990, First Case of Gene Therapy 5) 1994, Brave New Foods 6) 1996, Announcing Dolly, First Mammal Cloned from Adult Cells 7) 1996, Development of the Gene Chip 8) 1997, Three Cloned Mice 9) 1997, First Human Artificial Chromosome (4) Welcome to the Genomics and Post-Genomics Era 1) 1998, Race for the Genome 2) 1998, Breakthrough of Stem Cell 3) 1999, Shotgun sequencing 4) 2001, Draft of Human Genome 5) 2001, Cloning Ban 6) 2001-2018, Some cloned animals: cat, pig, horse, dog, monkey. 7) 2006, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello for their work on RNA interference in C. elegans, which they published in 1998. 8) 2007, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells". 9) 2008, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Harald zur Hausen for his discovery of "human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" and the other half jointly to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of "human immunodeficiency virus
10)2008,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to OsamuShimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery anddevelopmentofthegreenfluorescentprotein,GFP".11)2009,TheNobelPrize inPhysiology or Medicinewas awarded jointlytoElizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for thediscovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzymetelomerase".12)2009, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to VenkatramanRamakrishnan,Thomas A. SteitzandAda E.Yonath"forstudies of thestructure and function of the ribosome".13)2010, TheNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Robert G.Edwards"forthedevelopmentof invitrofertilization".14)2010,TheNobelPrize inChemistrywas awarded jointly toRichard F.Heck,Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings inorganicsynthesis".15)2011, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine2011was divided, one halfjointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann "for their discoveriesconcerning the activation of innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M.Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptiveimmunity".16)2012,TheNobel Prize in Physiology orMedicine was awarded jointly to SirJohn B.Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka"forthe discovery that mature cellscanbereprogrammedtobecomepluripotent"17)2012, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Robert J.Lefkowitz and Brian K.Kobilka"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"18)2013,TheNobel Prize inPhysiology orMedicinewas awarded jointly toJames E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Sudhof "for theirdiscoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport systeminourcells".19)2014,TheNobel Prize inPhysiologyorMedicinewasawarded jointlytoJohnO'Keefe,MayBritt Moserand Edvard Moser"fortheirdiscoveries of cellsthat constitute a positioning system in the brain".8
8 10) 2008, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP". 11) 2009, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase". 12) 2009, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome". 13) 2010, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards "for the development of in vitro fertilization". 14) 2010, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis". 15) 2011, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". 16) 2012, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" 17) 2012, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" 18) 2013, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells". 19) 2014, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to John O’Keefe, May Britt Moser and Edvard Moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain