20)2015,The Nobel Prize in Physiologyor Medicine was awarded jointly toWilliam C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura"for their discoveries concerning anovel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"and theother half to Youyou Tu"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapyagainst Malaria".21)2015,TheNobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Tomas Lindahl,Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar“formechanistic studies of DNA repair".22)2016, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to YoshinoriOhsumi"forhisdiscoveriesofmechanismsforautophagy.23)2017,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toJeffrey C.Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W.Young"for their discoveriesofmolecularmechanisms controllingthecircadian rhythm".24)2017,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet,Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson“for developing cryo-electronmicroscopyforthehigh-resolution structuredeterminationofbiomolecules insolution"25)2018,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toJames P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo“for their discovery of cancer therapy byinhibitionofnegative immuneregulation"26)2019,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toWilliam G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza “for theirdiscoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"27)2020,TheNobel Prize inChemistrywasawarded jointly to EmmanuelleCharpentierand Jennifer A.Doudna"forthe development of a methodforgenome editing"28)2020, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toHarvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice “for the discovery ofHepatitis C virus"29)2021, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly toDavid Julius and Ardem Patapoutian“for theirdiscoveries of receptors fortemperature and touch".9
9 20) 2015, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" and the other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria". 21) 2015, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar “for mechanistic studies of DNA repair”. 22) 2016, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi “for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy”. 23) 2017, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm”. 24) 2017, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson “for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution”. 25) 2018, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo “for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”. 26) 2019, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza “for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability”. 27) 2020, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna “for the development of a method for genome editing”. 28) 2020, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice “for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”. 29) 2021, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
3.WhatisMolecularBiology?Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. It chiefly concernsitself with understandingthe interactions between thevarious systems ofa cell, includingthe interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and learning how theseinteractions are regulated.4.Contents of Molecular Biology(1)Centraldogma(2)Contentsofmolecularbiology&RecombinantDNATechnologyExpressionandRegulationofGenes+Structureand Functionof Bio-macromolecular+Genome,Transcriptome,Proteome,Bioinformatics5.ProgressandFutureofMolecularBiology10
10 3. What is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. It chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated. 4. Contents of Molecular Biology (1) Central dogma (2) Contents of molecular biology ❖ Recombinant DNA Technology ❖ Expression and Regulation of Genes ❖ Structure and Function of Bio-macromolecular ❖ Genome, Transcriptome, Proteome, Bioinformatics 5. Progress and Future of Molecular Biology
第二章基因和染色体Chapter2DNAandChromosomes【教学目的】本章要求学生掌握原核生物和真核生物基因组的区别、染色体的组成、真核生物基因组的复杂性、DNA的结构等；掌握DNA复制的复杂性、几种DNA的复制方式、原核生物DNA复制的酶、真核生物DNA复制的酶、DNA的修复、重组和转座等。【重点难点】掌握基本概念、原核生物和真核生物基因组特点、DNA复制、修复、重组及转座机制。【教学方法】讲述式和启发式教学多媒体教学EnglishAnimation【课时安排】10课时主要教学内容OverviewBasicmaterial:DNA,RNA,Protein (composition,classes,structures,functions)Transcription:DNA→RNA·Transcriptionalfactors·RNA processing: RNA splicing, RNA editingTranslation:RNA→ProteinPosttranslational modification:Intein splicing,Phosphorylation, Modification...Regulation:Cis-actingelements,Trans-actingfactorsCentral dogma: Old version, New content, Progress....2.1DNAandDNAstructure1.Nucleoside&Nucleotide11
11 第二章 基因和染色体 Chapter 2 DNA and Chromosomes 【教学目的】 本章要求学生掌握原核生物和真核生物基因组的区别、染色体的组成、真核生物基因 组的复杂性、DNA 的结构等；掌握 DNA 复制的复杂性、几种 DNA 的复制方式、原核生 物 DNA 复制的酶、真核生物 DNA 复制的酶、DNA 的修复、重组和转座等。 【重点难点】 掌握基本概念、原核生物和真核生物基因组特点、DNA 复制、修复、重组及转座机制。 【教学方法】 讲述式和启发式教学 多媒体教学 English Animation 【课时安排】 10 课时 主要教学内容 Overview Basic material: DNA, RNA, Protein (composition, classes, structures, functions) Transcription: DNA → RNA Transcriptional factors RNA processing: RNA splicing, RNA editing Translation: RNA → Protein Posttranslational modification: Intein splicing, Phosphorylation, Modification. Regulation: Cis-acting elements, Trans-acting factors Central dogma: Old version, New content, Progress. 2.1 DNA and DNA structure 1. Nucleoside & Nucleotide
2.NucleicAcidChain3.DNAStructure(1)DNAPrimary Structure:nucleotideacidsequence(2) DNA Secondary Structure: double helix·Right-handedhelix--A-DNA,B-DNA. Left-handed --Z-DNA(3)DNASupercoiling)(4)[DNADenaturation andRenaturation2.2GeneandChromosomes1.Concepts of Gene(1) Gene - In molecular terms, it is the entire DNA sequence including exons,introns,and noncoding transcription-control regions necessary forproductionofafunctional proteinorRNA.In molecular terms,a gene commonly is defined as the entire nucleicacid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functionalpolypeptide or RNAmolecule.(2) Regulatory Gene - A DNA sequence or a gene that functions to control theexpressionofothergenes.(3)Structural Gene - A DNA sequence or a gene that codes the production ofRNA,aspecificproteinorpeptide(4)2Gene Cluster-It is a group of adjacent genes that are identical or related(5)Gene Family -A group of related genes having similar DNA sequence evolvedfrom a single ancester. These genes make similar products and may ormaynot be located in the same regionofa chromosome.2.Genome(1)Genome-In modern molecular biology the genome of an organism is its totalhereditaryinformationencodedinDNA (or,forsomeviruses,RNA)12
12 2. Nucleic Acid Chain 3. DNA Structure (1) DNA Primary Structure: nucleotide acid sequence (2) DNA Secondary Structure: double helix Right-handed helix - A-DNA, B-DNA Left-handed - Z-DNA (3) DNA Supercoiling: (4) DNA Denaturation and Renaturation 2.2 Gene and Chromosomes 1. Concepts of Gene (1) Gene - In molecular terms, it is the entire DNA sequence including exons, introns, and noncoding transcription-control regions necessary for production of a functional protein or RNA. In molecular terms, a gene commonly is defined as the entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional polypeptide or RNA molecule. (2) Regulatory Gene - A DNA sequence or a gene that functions to control the expression of other genes. (3) Structural Gene - A DNA sequence or a gene that codes the production of RNA, a specific protein or peptide. (4) Gene Cluster - It is a group of adjacent genes that are identical or related. (5) Gene Family - A group of related genes having similar DNA sequence evolved from a single ancester. These genes make similar products and may or may not be located in the same region of a chromosome. 2. Genome (1) Genome - In modern molecular biology the genome of an organism is its total hereditary information encoded in DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA)
(2) Genomics - It is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNAsequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, andanalyzethefunctionand structureofgenomes.(3)Structural Genomics-The branch of genomics that attempts to make use ofthevast wealth of data produced bygenomic projects (such asgenomesequencing projects) to describe gene (and protein) functions andinteractions.As its name suggests, the aim of structural genomics is tocharacterize the structure of the genome.Knowledge of the structureofan individual genome can be useful in manipulating genes and DNAsegmentsinthat particular species.Structural genomicsproceedsthrough increasing levels of analytic resolution, starting with theassignment of genes and markers to individual chromosomes, then themapping of these genes and markers within a chromosome, and finallythe preparation of a physical map culminating in sequencing.When a number of genomes have been characterized at thestructural level, the hope is that, through comparative genomics, it wilbecome possible to deduce the general rules that govern the overallstructural organization of all genomes.(4)Functional Genomics-It isafieldofmolecularbiologythatattemptstomakeuse of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such asgenome sequencing projects)todescribegene(andprotein)functionsand interactions.Unlike genomics, functional genomics focuses on the dynamicaspects such as gene transcription, translation, and protein-proteininteractions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic informationsuch as DNA sequence or structures.Functional genomics attempts toanswerquestions about thefunctionofDNAatthelevelsofgenes,RNAtranscripts,and protein products.A key characteristic of functionalgenomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions,generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a moretraditional“gene-by-gene"approach.3.SizeofGenome(1)Prokaryotic cellvsEukaryotic cell(2)Relationship ofgenomic sizeand evolution13
13 (2) Genomics – It is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes. (3) Structural Genomics - The branch of genomics that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. As its name suggests, the aim of structural genomics is to characterize the structure of the genome. Knowledge of the structure of an individual genome can be useful in manipulating genes and DNA segments in that particular species. Structural genomics proceeds through increasing levels of analytic resolution, starting with the assignment of genes and markers to individual chromosomes, then the mapping of these genes and markers within a chromosome, and finally the preparation of a physical map culminating in sequencing. When a number of genomes have been characterized at the structural level, the hope is that, through comparative genomics, it will become possible to deduce the general rules that govern the overall structural organization of all genomes. (4) Functional Genomics – It is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Unlike genomics, functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. Functional genomics attempts to answer questions about the function of DNA at the levels of genes, RNA transcripts, and protein products. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a more traditional “gene-by-gene” approach. 3. Size of Genome (1) Prokaryotic cell vs Eukaryotic cell (2) Relationship of genomic size and evolution