William Schull, Atomic Bomb Joint Casualty Commission(ABCC) Contrary to what is commonly supposed, the bulk of the fatalities at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were due to burns caused either by the flash at the instant of the explosion or from the numerous fires that were kindled. and were not a direct consequence of the amount of atomic radiation received Indeed. the the abcc estimated that over half the total deaths were due to burns and another 18% due to blast injury Nonetheless, ionizing radiation accounted for a substantial number of deaths, possibly 30% Heat rays 35% Initial radiation 10% Residual radiation
William Schull, Atomic Bomb Joint Casualty Commission (ABCC) Contrary to what is commonly supposed, the bulk of the fatalities at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were due to burns caused either by the flash at the instant of the explosion or from the numerous fires that were kindled, and were not a direct consequence of the amount of atomic radiation received. Indeed, the the ABCC estimated that over half the total deaths were due to burns and another 18% due to blast injury. Nonetheless, ionizing radiation accounted for a substantial number of deaths, possibly 30%
The delayed effects Atomic Bomb survivor excess cancer during the period from 1950 through 1990 Population of Survivors Studied 86,572 Total cancers observed after the bomb 8.180 Total Cancers Expected without Bomb 7.743 Total cancer excess 437(42l) Excess Tumor Excess Leukemia(白血病) 334 104 437
Atomic Bomb Survivor Excess Cancer 5467 Total Cancer Excess 437 (421) Population of Survivors Studied 86,572 Total Cancers observed after the Bomb 8,180 Total Cancers Expected without Bomb 7,743 Excess Leukemia 104 Excess Tumor 334 + = 437 The delayed effects during the period from 1950 through 1990 (白血病）
Chapter 6. Nuclear Weapons 1. History of Weapons Development 2. Nuclear Explosions Producing Bomb Materials Energy Yield Critical Mass for Nuclear Weapons Buildup of a Chain Reaction 3. Uranium and Nuclear Weapons 4. Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons Explosive Properties of Plutonium Reactor-Grade Plutonium as a Weapons Material 5. Nuclear Weapons related Issues
Chapter 6. Nuclear Weapons 1.History of Weapons Development 2.Nuclear Explosions 3.Uranium and Nuclear Weapons 4.Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons 5.Nuclear Weapons related Issues Producing Bomb Materials Energy Yield Critical Mass for Nuclear Weapons Buildup of a Chain Reaction Explosive Properties of Plutonium Reactor-Grade Plutonium as a Weapons Material
2. 1 Basic Characteristics of fission Bombs Producing Bomb Materials Separate 235U (0.7%)from natural uranium Ppu gas diffusion of UF6 centrifuge of UF6 gas thermal diffusion of UF6 gas electromagnetic separation Production of 239pu by the reaction 238U(n,2β) 239Pu
Producing Bomb Materials 235U 239Pu Separate 235U (0.7%) from natural uranium: gas diffusion of UF6 centrifuge of UF6 gas thermal diffusion of UF6 gas electromagnetic separation Production of 239Pu by the reaction 238U(n, 2b) 239Pu 2.1 Basic Characteristics of Fission Bombs
Bomb Material: Separating 235U by gas Diffusion Barmer 2UF6;s38923u392 Enriched UF t One diffusion unit the diffusion plant ●:●一 Depleted UF6 UFe feed 38 UF 6·235 Urey's research group gas molecules with different molecular The blue spot is a person mass could be separated by a http://www.npp.hu/uran/3diff-e.htm diffusion method: Lighter molecules Since the molecular weights differ pass through membranes containing so litle the industrial operation is a pin holes faster than heavier long and laborious process molecules 1000 units
Bomb Material: Separating 235U by gas Diffusion One diffusion unit the diffusion plant The blue spot is a person http://www.npp.hu/uran/3diff-e.htm Urey's research group: gas molecules with different molecular mass could be separated by a diffusion method: Lighter molecules pass through membranes containing pin holes faster than heavier molecules 235UF6 is 389, 238UF6 392 Since the molecular weights differ so little the industrial operation is a long and laborious process. ~1000 units