Electronic energylevels, orbitals and shellsORBITALSAn orbitalis a region of space in which there is a highprobability of finding an electron. There is an orbital associatedwith each energy level, but remember that it only tells you aboutthe position of the electron (its PE).There are differentkinds of orbital which differfrom each otherin shape and in their orientation in space.11
11 Electronic energy levels, orbitals and shells An orbital is a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron. There is an orbital associated with each energy level, but remember that it only tells you about the position of the electron (its PE). There are different kinds of orbital which differ from each other in shape and in their orientation in space. ORBITALS
Electronic energy levels.orbitals and shellsa1sorbitalsorbitals are sphericala2sorbitalp orbitals are shapedlike an hour-glass(dumbbell)and can bearranged in differentyorbitalaPxorbitaldirectionsapzorbitald orbitals are shaped either like a four-bladedpropeller or like an hour-glass with a belt around itsmiddle. They too differin their direction in space12
12 Electronic energy levels, orbitals and shells s orbitals are spherical p orbitals are shaped like an hour-glass (dumbbell) and can be arranged in different directions d orbitals are shaped either like a four-bladed propeller or like an hour-glass with a belt around its middle. They too differ in their direction in space
Electronic energylevels.orbitals and shellsSHELLS AND SUB-SHELLSA shell is a group of orbitals of similar radial distribution. In otherwords they are about the same distance out from the nucleus.2porbital2sorbitaldistancefromnucleus-A sub-shell is a group of orbitals with the same energy level, butwhich differin their orientation in space. So the three 2porbitals make up a sub-shell.132px + 2py + 2pz make up a sub-shell
13 Electronic energy levels, orbitals and shells SHELLS AND SUB-SHELLS A sub-shell is a group of orbitals with the same energy level, but which differ in their orientation in space. So the three 2p orbitals make up a sub-shell. A shell is a group of orbitals of similar radial distribution. In other words they are about the same distance out from the nucleus. 2px + 2py + 2pz make up a sub-shell
Electronic energylevelsorbitals and shellsTHE PATTERN OFSHELLSThe shells are numbered starting with the shell nearest thenucleus and working outwards. Each successive shell has adifferentnumber of orbitals in itNumberoforbitalsin theNumber of each type of orbitalshelldshellsp111234193531This table shows that in the nth shell there are n? orbitals.Orbitals are written down in such a way as to show which shell they arein, what kind they are, and how many electrons there are in them.e.g. 3p5 means that there are five electrons in the p orbitals in the thirdshell out from the nucleus.14
14 Electronic energy levels, orbitals and shells The shells are numbered starting with the shell nearest the nucleus and working outwards. Each successive shell has a different number of orbitals in it shell Number of orbitals in the shell Number of each type of orbital 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 3 9 1 3 5 s p d This table shows that in the nth shell there are n 2 orbitals. THE PATTERN OF SHELLS Orbitals are written down in such a way as to show which shell they are in, what kind they are, and how many electrons there are in them. e.g. 3p5 means that there are five electrons in the p orbitals in the third shell out from the nucleus
Electronic energy levels.orbitals and shellsWordsWordsenergy levelshell; sub-shellkinetic and potential energyorbitalprobability:probablespherical:sphereorientationhour-glasspropellerradial distribution; radius; radiipattern of shellssuccessive15
15 Electronic energy levels, orbitals and shells Words energy level shell; sub-shell kinetic and potential energy orbital probability:probable spherical:sphere orientation hour-glass propeller radial distribution; radius; radii pattern of shells successive Words