(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. ( He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this. (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4 )A Chronicle of the Conquest of granada (5)The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1)1809~1832 a Subjects are either English or European b. Conservative love for the antique (2)1832~1859: back to us 5.style beauti (1) gentility, urbanity pleasan (2) avoiding moralizing amusing and entertaining (3)enveloping stories in an atmosph (4) vivid and ti (5)humour smiling while reading (6) musical language James fenir 1. life
6 （2）The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. （He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.） （3）The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus （4）A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada （5）The Alhambra 4.Literary career: two parts （1）1809~1832 a. Subjects are either English or European b. Conservative love for the antique （2）1832~1859: back to US 5.style beautiful （1）gentility, urbanity, pleasantness （2）avoiding moralizing amusing and entertaining （3）enveloping stories in an atmosphere （4）vivid and true characters （5）humour smiling while reading （6）musical language IV. James Fenimore Cooper 1.life 2.works
(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen xs Pride and Prejudice) (2) The Spy (his second novel and great success (3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels) The deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie 3. point of view he theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs law, order vs change, aristocrat vs democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights 4.style (1)highly imaginative 2) good at inventing tales (3) good at landscape description (4) conservative (5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability (6) language and use of dialect not authentic 5. literary achievements He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper *s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the west. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature Section 2 Summit of Romanticism American Transcendentalism I Background: four sources
7 （1）Precaution （1820, his first novel, imitating Austen＊s Pride and Prejudice） （2）The Spy （his second novel and great success） （3）Leatherstocking Tales （his masterpiece, a series of five novels） The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie 3.point of view he theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights 4.style （1）highly imaginative （2）good at inventing tales （3）good at landscape description （4）conservative （5）characterization wooden and lacking in probability （6）language and use of dialect not authentic 5.literary achievements He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper＊s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature. Section 2 Summit of Romanticism American Transcendentalism I. Background: four sources
1. Unitarianism (1)Fatherhood of god (2)Brotherhood of men (3) Leadership of Jesus (4) Salvation by character (perfection of one *s character (5) Continued progress of mankind (6) Divinity of mankind (7) Depravity of mankind 2. Romantic Idealism Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant 3.Oriental mysticism Center of the world is※ oversouls§ 4. Puritanism Eloquent expression in transcendentalism ll. Appearance 1836, *Natures by Emerson Features spirit/oversoul 2. importance of individualism 3. nature symbol of spirit/God
8 1.Unitarianism （1）Fatherhood of God （2）Brotherhood of men （3）Leadership of Jesus （4）Salvation by character （perfection of one＊s character） （5）Continued progress of mankind （6）Divinity of mankind （7）Depravity of mankind 2.Romantic Idealism Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit （Kant） 3.Oriental mysticism Center of the world is ※oversoul§ 4.Puritanism Eloquent expression in transcendentalism II. Appearance 1836, ※Nature§ by Emerson III. Features 1.spirit/oversoul 2.importance of individualism 3.nature symbol of spirit/God
garment of the oversoul 4. focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness IV. Influence 1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture 2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to get ons obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height 3. It helped to create the first American renaissance one of the most prolific period in American literature V. Ralph Waldo emerson 1. life 2. works () Nature (2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The poet 3.point of view (1) One major element of his philoso phy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the oversouls (2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature
9 garment of the oversoul 4.focus in intuition （irrationalism and subconsciousness） IV. Influence 1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture. 2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to ※get on§ obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height. 3.It helped to create the first American renaissance one of the most prolific period in American literature. V. Ralph Waldo Emerson 1.life 2.works （1）Nature （2）Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet 3.point of view （1）One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the ※oversoul§. （2）He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature
(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect This is what Emerson means by※ the infinitude of man§. (4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world and that he makes the world by making himself. 4.aesthetic ideas (1) He is a complete man, an eternal man (2) True poetry and true art should ennoble (3) The poet should express his thought in symbols (4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself 5.his influence I. Henry David Thoreau 1.life 2 works (1)A Week on the Concord and merrimack River (2) Walden (3)A Plea for John Brown (an essay) 3.point of view (1) He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point. (2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system
10 （3）If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by ※the infinitude of man§. （4）Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. 4.aesthetic ideas （1）He is a complete man, an eternal man. （2）True poetry and true art should ennoble. （3）The poet should express his thought in symbols. （4）As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself. 5.his influence VI. Henry David Thoreau 1.life 2.works （1）A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River （2）Walden （3）A Plea for John Brown （an essay） 3.point of view （1）He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point. （2）He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system