Critical sociology U/画
Critical Sociology
Content Marx on refication Lukacs on reficatino Gramsci on hegemony Horkheimer and Adorno on Culture Industry Habermas on Communicative Action and Public sphere
Content • Marx on Refication • Lukács on Reficatino • Gramsci on Hegemony • Horkheimer and Adorno on Culture Industry • Habermas on Communicative Action and Public Sphere
Marx on refication Commodities which exist as use-values. must first of all assume a form in which they appear to one another nominally as exchange-values as definite quantities of materialised universal labour-time. The first necessary move in this process is, as we have seen, that the commodities set apart a specific commodity, say, gold, which becomes the direct reification of universal labour time or the universal equivalent
Marx on Refication • "Commodities, which exist as use-values, must first of all assume a form in which they appear to one another nominally as exchange-values, as definite quantities of materialised universal labour-time. The first necessary move in this process is, as we have seen, that the commodities set apart a specific commodity, say, gold, which becomes the direct reification of universal labourtime or the universal equivalent
Marx on refication Capital employs labour The means of production are not means by which he can produce products, whether in the form of direct means of subsistence or as means of exchange as commodities He is rather a means for them, partly to preserve their value, partly to valoriseit, 1. e. to increase it, to absorb surplus labour. Even this relation in its simplicity is an inversion, a personification of the thing and a reification of the person, for what distinguishes this form from all previous ones is that the capitalist does not rule the worker in any kind of personal capacity, but only in so far as he is capital his rule is only that of objectified labour over living labour the rule of the worker s product over the worker himself
Marx on Refication • Capital employs labour. The means of production are not means by which he can produce products, whether in the form of direct means of subsistence, or as means of exchange, as commodities. He is rather a means for them, partly to preserve their value, partly to valorise it, i.e. to increase it, to absorb surplus labour . Even this relation in its simplicity is an inversion, a personification of the thing and a reification of the person, for what distinguishes this form from all previous ones is that the capitalist does not rule the worker in any kind of personal capacity, but only in so far as he is "capital"; his rule is only that of objectified labour over living labour; the rule of the worker's product over the worker himself
Marx on refication [Blecause as a result of their alienation as use-values all commodities are converted into linen. linen becomes the converted form of all other commodities and only as a result of this transformation of all other commodities into linen does it become the direct reification of universal labour-time, i.e., the product of universal alienation and of the supersession of all individual labour
Marx on Refication • "[B]ecause as a result of their alienation as use-values all commodities are converted into linen, linen becomes the converted form of all other commodities, and only as a result of this transformation of all other commodities into linen does it become the direct reification of universal labour-time, i.e., the product of universal alienation and of the supersession of all individual labour