Production in 2000 canada 10,682 Australia 7,578 Niger 2,895 Namibia 2.714 Company tonnes U Uzbekistan 2,350 C ameco 7218 Russia(est 2,000 Cogema 6643 Kazakhstan 1,752 WMO 3693 USA 1,456 ERA 3564 South africa 878 2400 China(est) 500 R 2239 Ukraine(est) 500 KazAtom Prom 2018 Czech Republic 500 Priargunsk 2000 India(est) 200 France 319 others 422 Total world 34,746 Sourcehttp://www.world-nuclear.org/search/index.htm
Production in 2000 Canada 10,682 Australia 7,578 Niger 2,895 Namibia 2,714 Uzbekistan 2,350 Russia (est) 2,000 Kazakhstan 1,752 USA 1,456 South Africa 878 China (est) 500 Ukraine (est) 500 Czech Republic 500 India (est) 200 France 319 others 422 Total world 34,746 company tonnes U Cameco 7218 Cogema 6643 WMC 3693 ERA 3564 Navoi 2400 Rossing 2239 KazAtomProm 2018 Priargunsky 2000 Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/search/index.htm
表9-6-2中国放射性废物分类标准 类別 级別 名称 放射性浓度An/(Bq·m-3) 载 低放 DAC(公众)<Am≤10DAC(公众) ll 中放 废物 DAC(公众)<An≤105DAC(公众) Ⅲl 高放 10DAC(公众)<An 级别 名称 放射性浓度Am/(Bq·1.-) 液体 弱放 DC(公众)<An≤3.7×102 3.7×102<A≤3.7×10 废物 低放 Ⅲl 中放 3.7×105<A<3.7×109 Ⅳ 高放 3.7×10<An 级别 名称半衰期分段及各段放射性比活度A,/(B·kg2") 2≤60d 60d<T12≤5a①5a<712N30 30a<T1 低放 7.4×104<Am7.4×143<Am74×104<A 7.4×1043<A 固体 ≤3.7×10 ≤3.7×10 ≤3.7×l0 废物 中放 37×10<Am3.7×10°<Am3.7×10°<A。3.7×10°<Am ≤3.7×1011 ≤3.7×101 ≤3.7×10 ≤3.7×10 Ⅲ 高放3.7×101<A。3.7x10<An37×10<An3.7×10<Am 超铀废物 含有原子序数>92的任一元素,T12很长,Am>3.7×10° ①包括放射性核东钻-60(r1)=5.271a;②包括放射性核素铯-137(r12)=30.17a;③对仅含天然a轴射 体的固体废物,下限值为3.7×105Bq/kg 注:①DAC(公众),公众导出空气浓度( Civil derived Air Concentration)=年摄入量限值/参考人一年内吸入的 空气体积(即1.0512×10°m3)。②DC(公众),公众导出摄入浓度( Civil derived Intake concentralion)=年摄入量限 值/参考人…年内食入的水量(即8.03×102kg)。③年摄入量限值( Annual Limit of Intake,ALI),一年内某一处放射 性核素的摄人量,其对参考人的照射达到职业性照射的年剂量当量限值
Whatever the type of the radioactive waste, all of it has to be disposed of in a safe manner It is a common misbelief that radioactive waste takes up a lot of space. However, all the spent fuel generated by two 860 W reactors during their 40 years of operation would fit into three 10 metre by ten metre pools
Whatever the type of the radioactive waste, all of it has to be disposed of in a safe manner! It is a common misbelief that radioactive waste takes up a lot of space. However, all the spent fuel generated by two 860 MW reactors during their 40 years of operation would fit into three 10 metre by ten metre pools
Measures of Waste Magnitudes Mass: The most common mass measure for nuclear waste is the mass of the uranium in the initial fuel more broadly designated as metric tonnes of initial heavy metal (MtIHM or MTHM) Volume: The volume of the fuel can be inferred from the Uo2 mass and density(about 10 tonnes/mo Radioactivity: in terms of the activity(in curies or becquerels) taken either for the radionuclides individually or for their sum radionuclides differ in the types of particles emitted, their energy, the half-lives, and the possibility of their reaching the biosphere. Nonetheless, it provides some overall perspective Heat output: on the scale of 6 kW of heat are produced per megacurie of activity
Measures of Waste Magnitudes Mass: The most common mass measure for nuclear waste is the mass of the uranium in the initial fuel, more broadly designated as metric tonnes of initial heavy metal (MTIHM or MTHM) Volume: The volume of the fuel can be inferred from the UO2 mass and density (about 10 tonnes/m3 ). Radioactivity: in terms of the activity (in curies or becquerels) taken either for the radionuclides individually or for their sum. radionuclides differ in the types of particles emitted, their energy, the half-lives, and the possibility of their reaching the biosphere. Nonetheless, it provides some overall perspective. Heat output: on the scale of 6 kW of heat are produced per megacurie of activity
1.2 Wastes from Commercial Reactors Mass and Volume per GWyr P arameter BWR PWR Fuel elements per assembl Fuel element array 8×8 17×17 Number of fuel rods 63 264 Number of other elements a 25 Mass per assembly(kg) Uranium 180 460 Uranium oxide(U02 210 520 Zircaloy cladding 100 110 Hardware 9 26 TOTAL 320 660 Assembly dimensions Length(m) 4.5 4.1 Width and depth(m) 0.14 0.21 Nominal volume(m3 0.086 0.19 Fuel fraction Uranium as percent of total mass 56 UO2 as percent of total volume 24 27
1.2 Wastes from Commercial Reactors Mass and Volume per GWyr