3. What are the questions for biochemists to answer? 3.1 What are the biomolecules(composition and structure 3.2 How do biomolecules act and interact (conferring the remarkable features of living organisms)? 3.3 How are the biomolecules synthesized (biosynthesis)? 3.4 How is energy generated and consumed (energy metabolism, its source and fate)? 3.5 How are the myriad of biochemical reactions regulated (the coordination problem, the network of control)
3. What are the questions for biochemists to answer? 3.1 What are the biomolecules (composition and structure)? 3.2 How do biomolecules act and interact (conferring the remarkable features of living organisms)? 3.3 How are the biomolecules synthesized (biosynthesis)? 3.4 How is energy generated and consumed (energy metabolism, its source and fate)? 3.5 How are the myriad of biochemical reactions regulated (the coordination problem, the network of control)?
3.6 What is the carrier of genetic information and how is it expressed and transmitted (information pathway)?(preserved faithfully) 3.7 How do cells and organisms grow, differentiate and reproduce? 3. 8 What is the molecular basis of evolution 3. What makes living organisms so diversified? (advantages, purposes and natural tendencies) 3.10 How do we make use of life and knowledge about life for the benefits of human being (biotechnology, quality of life, societal welfare)?
3.6 What is the carrier of genetic information and how is it expressed and transmitted (information pathway)? (preserved faithfully) 3.7 How do cells and organisms grow, differentiate, and reproduce? 3.8 What is the molecular basis of evolution? 3.9 What makes living organisms so diversified? (advantages, purposes and natural tendencies) 3.10 How do we make use of life and knowledge about life for the benefits of human being (biotechnology, quality of life, societal welfare)?
4. A Brief History of Biochemistry over the last 200 years(milestones) 1780s Antoine Lavoisier(French): Combustion of a candle is similar to the respiration of animals, as both need o2. For the first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism 1810s-1830s A major substance from animals and plants was identified, composing of C, H, O, and N. The term"Protein meaning the most important thing, was first used in 1838 1850s-1890s Carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids were recognized. The term "biochemistry was formed in the 1870s
4. A Brief History of Biochemistry over the last 200 years (milestones) 1780s Antoine Lavoisier (French): Combustion of a candle is similar to the respiration of animals, as both need O2 . For the first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism. 1810s-1830s A major substance from animals and plants was identified, composing of C, H, O, and N. The term “Protein”, meaning the most important thing, was first used in 1838. 1850s-1890s Carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids were recognized. The term “biochemistry” was formed in the 1870s
1890s Eduard Buchner (German): Cell free yeast extract can ferment sugar to alcohol! Enzymes can function when removed from the living cells! Rejected the vitalism theory! 1920s-1930s James Sumner: Enzymes are proteins 1940s-1950s Avery and hershey dNa carries the genetic information 1950s Franklin, and Watson and Crick: dNa is a double helix 1960s Nirenberg: Genetic codes deciphered 1980s Cech: RNa has catalytic activity(Ribosome)
1890s Eduard Buchner (German): Cell free yeast extract can ferment sugar to alcohol! Enzymes can function when removed from the living cells! Rejected the vitalism theory! 1920s-1930s James Sumner: Enzymes are proteins. 1940s-1950s Avery and Hershey: DNA carries the genetic information. 1950s Franklin, and Watson and Crick: DNA is a double helix. 1960s Nirenberg: Genetic codes deciphered. 1980s Cech: RNA has catalytic activity (Ribosome)
5. Modern biochemical science 5.1 It has become the common language of biology concepts and approaches 5.2It has learned much about the chemical mechanisms of many central processes of life 5.3 It has revealed the remarkable chemical unity under the biological diversity 5.3.1 Living organisms(e.g, Ecoli and human beings) are very much alike at the microscopic and chemical level 5.3.2 The building blocks for the macromolecules are the same 5.3.3 The flow of genetic information is the same (from dna to rNa to protein)
5. Modern Biochemical Science 5.1 It has become the common language of biology: concepts and approaches 5.2 It has learned much about the chemical mechanisms of many central processes of life. 5.3 It has revealed the remarkable chemical unity under the biological diversity. 5.3.1 Living organisms (e.g., E.coli and human beings) are very much alike at the microscopic and chemical level. 5.3.2 The building blocks for the macromolecules are the same. 5.3.3 The flow of genetic information is the same (from DNA to RNA to protein)