Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Symbol When You Know Symbol kilometers 545 VOLUME iters MASS 090 (or metric tons) ILLUM NATION mr ORCE and PR URE or STRESSare mete a ersde Page 1-7 International Use
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Exhibit 1-1 Metric Conversion Table Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in. inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in.2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yards 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2,000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or metric tons) Mg (or t) TEMPERATURE (exact conversion) °F Fahrenheit (F – 32)/1.8 Celsius °C ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/square meter cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf pound force 4.45 newtons N lbf/in.2 pound force per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa Source: Federal Highway Administration (8). Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide Page 1-7 International Use December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 5.WHAT'S NEW IN THE HCM 2010 OVERVIEW ssimilar to that of th ult of bot sers Research Basis for the HCM 2010 Exhibit 1-2 lists the major research projects that have contributed to the HCM 2010.The impacts of these and other projects on individual HCM chapters are described later in this section. Exhibit1-2 Project Project Title NCHRP 3-60 rinterd m NCHRP 3-64 kooeaaenua/ cate NCHRP 3-65 NCHRP 3-70 地e and pedestrian NCHRP 3-75 Analysis of Freeway Weaving Peseanpaproedmeto5orngapaatand NCHRP 3-79 NCHRP 3-82 Derau aey and NCHRP 3-85 sis Tools NCHRP 3-92 CO Develop of the HCM. Develp for shared- (DTFH61-00-R-00070) acib and Im nce(TFH06-D ness in 000041 What's New in the HCM 201 Page 1-8
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 5. WHAT’S NEW IN THE HCM 2010 OVERVIEW Although the page layout of the HCM 2010 is similar to that of the HCM2000, a number of changes have been made to the manual—a result of both the extensive research that has been conducted since the HCM2000 and the feedback received from HCM2000 users. Research Basis for the HCM 2010 Exhibit 1‐2 lists the major research projects that have contributed to the HCM 2010. The impacts of these and other projects on individual HCM chapters are described later in this section. Exhibit 1-2 Major Research Projects Contributing to the HCM 2010 Project Project Title Project Objective(s) NCHRP 3-60 Capacity and Quality of Service of Interchange Ramp Terminals Develop improved methods for capacity and quality-of-service analysis of interchange ramp terminals, for a full range of interchange types. NCHRP 3-64 Highway Capacity Manual Applications Guide Develop an HCM Applications Guide that shows how to apply HCM methodologies to real-world problems and indicate when other methods may be more appropriate. NCHRP 3-65 Applying Roundabouts in the United States Develop methods of estimating the safety and operational impacts of U.S. roundabouts and refine the design criteria used for them. NCHRP 3-70 Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets Develop a framework and enhanced methods for determining levels of service for automobile, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian modes on urban streets, in particular with respect to the interaction among the modes. NCHRP 3-75 Analysis of Freeway Weaving Sections Develop improved methods for capacity and LOS analysis of freeway weaving sections. NCHRP 3-79 Measuring and Predicting the Performance of Automobile Traffic on Urban Streets Develop techniques to measure the performance of automobile traffic on urban streets for real-time applications; develop procedures to predict the performance of automobile traffic on urban streets. NCHRP 3-82 Default Values for Capacity and Quality of Service Analyses Determine appropriate default values for inputs to HCM analyses; develop a guide to select default values for various applications. NCHRP 3-85 Guidance for the Use of Alternative Traffic Analysis Tools in Highway Capacity Analyses Enhance the guidance in the HCM for the selection and use of alternative traffic analysis tools. NCHRP 3-92 Production of the Year 2010 Highway Capacity Manual Develop the 2010 edition of the HCM. Federal Highway Administration Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths (DTFH61-00-R-00070) Develop an LOS estimation method for shareduse paths to assist path designers and operators in determining how wide to make new or rebuilt paths and whether to separate the different types of users. Federal Highway Administration Active Traffic Management Measures for Increasing Capacity and Improving Performance (DTFH61-06-D- 00004) Describe active traffic management techniques and available information and analysis methods for evaluating their effectiveness in increasing highway facility capacity and improving operational performance. What’s New in the HCM 2010 Page 1-8 Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Focus Groups After the publication of the HCM2000,the TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service sponsored a series of focus groups at various locations around the United States to obtain feedback and to identify desired improv of the onCon nd subc mmitte al needs 9 the HCM2010 tation E y on HCM groups on those topics.The feedback from these and other sources was considered when decisions were made on the format,content,and organization of the HCM 2010. Reorganization from the HCM2000 As described in detail in this chapter's Structure section,the HCM 2010 consists of four volumes:(a)Volume 1:Concepts,(Volume 2.Uninterrupted w,(c)Volum lows Part I:Overview material appears in Volume1. .Part III:Methodologies material appears in Volume 2 for uninterrupted- flow chapters and Volume 3 for interrupted-flow chapters.Worksheets and highly detailed descriptions of methodological steps appear in the Volume 4 chapters. Part iv:Corridor and Areawide material that is conceptual in nature appears in Volume 1.More detailed analytical material has been removed in favor of guidance in the use of alternative tools for corridor and areawide analyses. ·t ughout the HCm 2010 Volur view of altemative ools (Chanter 6)and e eneral guidance on con s (p and alternative tools is presented in each chapter in Volumes 2 and 3.Selected Volume 4 chapters provide examples of applying alternative tools to situations that cannot be addressed by HCM methodologies. Multimodal Approach To encourage HCM users to consider perform analys nd make au mo should refer to the Urban Streets chap apt pter the Signalized Inter ctions chapter for procedures relating to signalized intersections,and so on. ChapterMUser's Guide Page 1-9 What's New in the HCM 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Focus Groups After the publication of the HCM2000, the TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service sponsored a series of focus groups at various locations around the United States to obtain feedback and to identify desired improvements for the next edition. Committee and subcommittee members also prepared an audit of the HCM in the areas of planning, design and operations, and educational needs (9). After the HCM 2010 was funded, the Institute of Transportation Engineers sponsored a web‐based survey on HCM usage and desired improvements, and the NCHRP 3‐92 project organized several focus groups on those topics. The feedback from these and other sources was considered when decisions were made on the format, content, and organization of the HCM 2010. Reorganization from the HCM2000 As described in detail in this chapter’s Structure section, the HCM 2010 consists of four volumes: (a) Volume 1: Concepts, (b) Volume 2: Uninterrupted Flow, (c) Volume 3: Interrupted Flow, and (d) Volume 4: Applications Guide. Material from Parts I to V of the HCM2000 has been distributed to Volumes 1 to 4 of the HCM 2010 as follows: • Part I: Overview material appears in Volume 1. • Part II: Concepts material appears in Volumes 2 and 3 if used directly in an analysis (e.g., default values and LOS tables) and in Volume 1 otherwise. • Part III: Methodologies material appears in Volume 2 for uninterrupted‐ flow chapters and Volume 3 for interrupted‐flow chapters. Worksheets and highly detailed descriptions of methodological steps appear in the Volume 4 chapters. • Part IV: Corridor and Areawide material that is conceptual in nature appears in Volume 1. More detailed analytical material has been removed in favor of guidance in the use of alternative tools for corridor and areawide analyses. • Part V: Simulation and Other Models material has been distributed throughout the HCM 2010. Volume 1 contains an overview of alternative tools (Chapter 6) and general guidance on comparing HCM and alternative results (Chapter 7). Specific guidance on when to consider alternative tools is presented in each chapter in Volumes 2 and 3. Selected Volume 4 chapters provide examples of applying alternative tools to situations that cannot be addressed by HCM methodologies. Multimodal Approach To encourage HCM users to consider all travelers on a facility when they perform analyses and make decisions, the HCM 2010 integrates material on nonautomobile and automobile modes. Thus, there are no stand‐alone Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Transit chapters in this edition. Instead, users should refer to the Urban Streets chapter for analysis procedures for pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit users on urban streets, to the Signalized Intersections chapter for procedures relating to signalized intersections, and so on. Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide Page 1-9 What’s New in the HCM 2010 December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 In recognition of the companion TCQSM (5)and of the difficulty in keeping the two manuals in synch,users are referred to the TCOSM for transit-specific ntext continues to beaddres HCM Traveler-Perception models ithin a st renerally presented a single LOS measure per svstem element that can be (a) directly measured in the field,(b)perceived by travelers,and (c)affected by facility owners.However,since the publication of the HCM2000,a number of research projects have studied whether a single operational factor is sufficient to describe LOS,as well as whether nonoperational factors should also be used(10). These projects have proposed models that(a)incorporate multiple factors of traveler satisfaction and()set LOS thresholds based on traveler perception s of rom two of the e stu es(11,12) icued into the Muan nto the M pters Generalized Service Volume Tables The HCM2000 provided "example service volume tables"for 10 system elements.The service volume tables were developed by using a single set of default values and were accompanied by cautionary notes that they were illustrative only.The HCM2010 provides"generalized service volume tables" for facilities that incorporate a range of national default values.These tables can be considered for such applications as statewide performance reporting areawide ()modeling and future-year analyses as part ofa long range transportation planning process METHODOLOGICAL CHANGES BY SYSTEM ELEMENT Freeway Facilities The basic methodology is similar to the one given in the HCM2000 but incorporates the new weaving-segment analysis procedure.A significant change freeway facilities based on dens ty.Other changes incl de upd anagement measures reeway operation Basic Freeway Segments The basic methodology is similar to the one given in the HCM2000.The free flow speed prediction model has been improved,and a speed-flow curve for segments with 75-mi/h free-flow speeds has been added. What's New in the HCM 201 Page 1-10
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 In recognition of the companion TCQSM (5) and of the difficulty in keeping the two manuals in synch, users are referred to the TCQSM for transit‐specific capacity and quality‐of‐service procedures. However, transit quality of service in a multimodal context continues to be addressed in the HCM. Traveler-Perception Models Since the 1985 HCM, LOS has been defined in terms of measures of operational conditions within a traffic stream (3, 4). HCM methodologies have generally presented a single LOS measure per system element that can be (a) directly measured in the field, (b) perceived by travelers, and (c) affected by facility owners. However, since the publication of the HCM2000, a number of research projects have studied whether a single operational factor is sufficient to describe LOS, as well as whether nonoperational factors should also be used (10). These projects have proposed models that (a) incorporate multiple factors of traveler satisfaction and (b) set LOS thresholds based on traveler perceptions of service quality. Traveler‐perception models from two of these studies (11, 12) have been incorporated into the Multilane Highways, Two‐Lane Highways, Urban Street Facilities, Urban Street Segments, and Off‐Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities chapters. Generalized Service Volume Tables The HCM2000 provided “example service volume tables” for 10 system elements. The service volume tables were developed by using a single set of default values and were accompanied by cautionary notes that they were illustrative only. The HCM 2010 provides “generalized service volume tables” for facilities that incorporate a range of national default values. These tables can be considered for such applications as statewide performance reporting, areawide (i.e., regional) modeling, and future‐year analyses as part of a long‐ range transportation planning process. METHODOLOGICAL CHANGES BY SYSTEM ELEMENT Freeway Facilities The basic methodology is similar to the one given in the HCM2000 but incorporates the new weaving‐segment analysis procedure. A significant change is the addition of LOS thresholds for freeway facilities based on density. Other changes include updates to the material on the impact of weather and work zones on freeway facility capacity, along with new information on the impact of active traffic management measures on freeway operations. Basic Freeway Segments The basic methodology is similar to the one given in the HCM2000. The free‐ flow speed prediction model has been improved, and a speed–flow curve for segments with 75‐mi/h free‐flow speeds has been added. What’s New in the HCM 2010 Page 1-10 Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Freeway Weaving Segments This chapter has been completely updated and incorporates the methodology developed by the NCHRP 3-75 project.Although the general process for analyzing weaving segments is similar to that given in the HCM2000 1201 ving are ajo ow the metho single mg weav ng spee the and a g iguration.and (the LOS F threshold has changed. Ramps and Ramp Junctions The following revisions have been made to the HCM2000 methodology: 。 .A revision has been made to correct an illogical trend involving on-ramps on eight-lane freeways in which density increases as the length of the acceleration lane increases. Multilane Highways The mutil Two-Lane Highways The following revisions have been made to the HCM2000 automobile methodology: ne-dir on res tained by appropriate weighted averaging of resut .Several key curves and tables used in one-direction analyses have been adjusted and incorporated into the chapter. A bicycle LOS methodology for two-lane highways has been added. Urban Street Facilities This is a new chapter that contains guidance to help analysts determine the scope of their analysis(i.e.isolated intersection versus coordinated signal system)and the relevant travel modes(i.e.automobile,pedestrian,bicycle, transit,or a combination).The methodology section describes how to aggregate results from the segment and point levels of analysis into an overall facility essment.Information on the impact of active traffic management measures on urban street performance has been added erGude Pa9e1-11 What's New in the HCM 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 Freeway Weaving Segments This chapter has been completely updated and incorporates the methodology developed by the NCHRP 3‐75 project. Although the general process for analyzing weaving segments is similar to that given in the HCM2000, the HCM 2010 models are based on an up‐to‐date set of weaving data. The following are the two major differences in how the methodology is applied: (a) there is now a single algorithm for predicting weaving speeds and a single algorithm for predicting nonweaving speeds, regardless of the weaving configuration, and (b) the LOS F threshold has changed. Ramps and Ramp Junctions The following revisions have been made to the HCM2000 methodology: • Procedures have been added to check for unreasonable lane distributions that overload the left or right lane(s) (or both) of the freeway. • A revision has been made to correct an illogical trend involving on‐ramps on eight‐lane freeways in which density increases as the length of the acceleration lane increases. Multilane Highways The multilane highways automobile methodology is essentially the same as that given in the HCM2000. A methodology for calculating bicycle LOS for multilane highways has been added. Two-Lane Highways The following revisions have been made to the HCM2000 automobile methodology: • The two‐direction analysis has been dropped: the one‐direction methodology is the only one used, with two‐direction results obtained by appropriate weighted averaging of the one‐direction results. • Several key curves and tables used in one‐direction analyses have been adjusted and incorporated into the chapter. A bicycle LOS methodology for two‐lane highways has been added. Urban Street Facilities This is a new chapter that contains guidance to help analysts determine the scope of their analysis (i.e., isolated intersection versus coordinated signal system) and the relevant travel modes (i.e., automobile, pedestrian, bicycle, transit, or a combination). The methodology section describes how to aggregate results from the segment and point levels of analysis into an overall facility assessment. Information on the impact of active traffic management measures on urban street performance has been added. Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide Page 1-11 What’s New in the HCM 2010 December 2010