496T fm i-xxvi 1/6/06 02: 56 Page ix P reface this Seventh Edition I have retained the objectives and approaches for teachin materials science and engineering that were presented in previous editions. The first and primary, objective is to present the basic fundamentals on a level appropriate for university/college students who have completed their freshmen calculus, chemistry, and physics courses. In order to achieve this goal, I have endeavored to use terminology that is familiar to the student who is encountering the discipline of materials science and engineering for the first time, and also to define and explain all unfamiliar terms. The second objective is to present the subject matter in a logical order, from the imple to the more complex. Each chapter builds on the content of previous ones. The third objective, or philosophy, that I strive to maintain throughout the text that if a topic or concept is worth treating, then it is worth treating in sufficient detail and to the extent that students have the opportunity to fully understand it without having to consult other sources; also, in most cases, some practical relevance is provided. Discussions are intended to be clear and concise and to begin at appropriate levels of understanding The fourth objective is to include features in the book that will expedite the learning process. These learning aids include: Numerous illustrations, now presented in full color, and photographs to help visualize what is being presented; Learning objectives: Why Study.. and"Materials of Importance "items that provide rele- Key terms and descriptions of key equations highlighted in the margins for quick reference; End-of-chapter questions and problems Answers to selected problems A glossary, list of symbols, and references to facilitate understanding the ubject matter. The fifth objective is to enhance the teaching and learning process by using the newer technologies that are available to most instructors and students of FEATURES THAT ARE NEW TO THIS EDITION New/Revised Content Several important changes have been made with this Seventh Edition. One of he most significant is the incorporation of a number of new sections, as well
• ix Preface In this Seventh Edition I have retained the objectives and approaches for teaching materials science and engineering that were presented in previous editions. The first, and primary, objective is to present the basic fundamentals on a level appropriate for university/college students who have completed their freshmen calculus, chemistry, and physics courses. In order to achieve this goal, I have endeavored to use terminology that is familiar to the student who is encountering the discipline of materials science and engineering for the first time, and also to define and explain all unfamiliar terms. The second objective is to present the subject matter in a logical order, from the simple to the more complex. Each chapter builds on the content of previous ones. The third objective, or philosophy, that I strive to maintain throughout the text is that if a topic or concept is worth treating, then it is worth treating in sufficient detail and to the extent that students have the opportunity to fully understand it without having to consult other sources; also, in most cases, some practical relevance is provided. Discussions are intended to be clear and concise and to begin at appropriate levels of understanding. The fourth objective is to include features in the book that will expedite the learning process. These learning aids include: • Numerous illustrations, now presented in full color, and photographs to help visualize what is being presented; • Learning objectives; • “Why Study . . .” and “Materials of Importance” items that provide relevance to topic discussions; • Key terms and descriptions of key equations highlighted in the margins for quick reference; • End-of-chapter questions and problems; • Answers to selected problems; • A glossary, list of symbols, and references to facilitate understanding the subject matter. The fifth objective is to enhance the teaching and learning process by using the newer technologies that are available to most instructors and students of engineering today. FEATURES THAT ARE NEW TO THIS EDITION New/Revised Content Several important changes have been made with this Seventh Edition. One of the most significant is the incorporation of a number of new sections, as well 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 1/6/06 02:56 Page ix
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page Preface as revisions/amplifications of other sections. New sections/discussions are as One-component (or unary) phase diagrams(Section 9.6 Compacted graphite iron(in Section 11.2, Ferrous Alloys") · Lost foam casting( in Section11.5,“ Casting”) Temperature dependence of Frenkel and Schottky defects (in Section 12.5 fractography of ceramics(in Section 12.8, "Brittle Fracture of Ceramics") Crystallization of glass-ceramics, in terms of isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams (in Section 13.3, Glass- Ceramics”) Permeability in polymers(in Section 1414, Diffusion in Polymeric Magnetic anisotropy(Section 20.8) A new case study on chemical protective clothing(Sections 22.13 and Those sections that have been revised/amplified, include the following: Treatments in Chapter 1("Introduction")on the several material types have been enlarged to include comparisons of various property values(as Expanded discussions on crystallographic directions and planes in hexagonal crystals(Sections 3.9 and 3. 10); also some new related homework problems. Comparisons of (1) dimensional size ranges for various structural elements, and(2) resolution ranges for the several microscopic examination tech niques (in Section 4.10, Microscopic Techniques") Updates on hardness testing techniques( Section 6.10) Revised discussion on the Burgers vector(Section 7. 4) New discussion on why recrystallization temperature depends on the purity of a metal (Section 7.12) Eliminated some detailed discussion on fracture mechanics-ie used Concise Version"from sixth edition(Section 8.5) Expanded discussion on nondestructive testing(Section 8.5 Used Concise Version(from sixth edition) of discussion on crack initiation and propagation(for fatigue, Section 8.9), and eliminated section on crack propagation rate. Refined terminology and representations of polymer structures(Sections 14.3 through 14.8) Eliminated discussion on fringed-micelle model (found in Section 14.12 of the sixth edition Enhanced discussion on defects in polymers(Section 14.13). Revised the following sections in Chapter 15("Characteristics, Applica tions, and Processing of Polymers"): fracture of polymers(Section 15.5 deformation of semicrystalline polymers(Section 15.7), adhesives(in Section 15. 18), polymerization(Section 15. 20), and fabrication of fibers and films(Section 15.24). Revised treatment of polymer degradation( Section 17.12)
as revisions/amplifications of other sections. New sections/discussions are as follows: • One-component (or unary) phase diagrams (Section 9.6) • Compacted graphite iron (in Section 11.2, “Ferrous Alloys”) • Lost foam casting (in Section 11.5, “Casting”) • Temperature dependence of Frenkel and Schottky defects (in Section 12.5, “Imperfections in Ceramics”) • Fractography of ceramics (in Section 12.8, “Brittle Fracture of Ceramics”) • Crystallization of glass-ceramics, in terms of isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams (in Section 13.3, “Glass-Ceramics”) • Permeability in polymers (in Section 14.14, “Diffusion in Polymeric Materials”) • Magnetic anisotropy (Section 20.8) • A new case study on chemical protective clothing (Sections 22.13 and 22.14). Those sections that have been revised/amplified, include the following: • Treatments in Chapter 1 (“Introduction”) on the several material types have been enlarged to include comparisons of various property values (as bar charts). • Expanded discussions on crystallographic directions and planes in hexagonal crystals (Sections 3.9 and 3.10); also some new related homework problems. • Comparisons of (1) dimensional size ranges for various structural elements, and (2) resolution ranges for the several microscopic examination techniques (in Section 4.10, “Microscopic Techniques”). • Updates on hardness testing techniques (Section 6.10). • Revised discussion on the Burgers vector (Section 7.4). • New discussion on why recrystallization temperature depends on the purity of a metal (Section 7.12). • Eliminated some detailed discussion on fracture mechanics—i.e., used “Concise Version” from sixth edition (Section 8.5). • Expanded discussion on nondestructive testing (Section 8.5). • Used Concise Version (from sixth edition) of discussion on crack initiation and propagation (for fatigue, Section 8.9), and eliminated section on crack propagation rate. • Refined terminology and representations of polymer structures (Sections 14.3 through 14.8). • Eliminated discussion on fringed-micelle model (found in Section 14.12 of the sixth edition). • Enhanced discussion on defects in polymers (Section 14.13). • Revised the following sections in Chapter 15 (“Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers”): fracture of polymers (Section 15.5), deformation of semicrystalline polymers (Section 15.7), adhesives (in Section 15.18), polymerization (Section 15.20), and fabrication of fibers and films (Section 15.24). • Revised treatment of polymer degradation (Section 17.12). x • Preface 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page x
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xi Preface·xi Materials of Importance One new feature that has been incorporated in this edition is"Materials of Im portance"pieces; in these we discuss familiar and interesting materials/applications of materials. These pieces lend some relevance to topical coverage, are found in most chapters in the book, and include the following Carbonated Beverage Containers Water(Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) Tin(Its Allotropic Transformation) Catalysts(and Surface Defects Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects ·Lead- Free Solders Shape-Memory Alloys Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins Piezoelectric Ceramics Shrink-Wrap polymer Films Phenolic billiard balls Nanocomposites in Tennis Balls Aluminum electrical wires Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys An Iron-Silicon Alloy That is Used in Transformer Cores Light-Emitting Diodes Concep t check Another new feature included in this seventh edition is what we call a"Concept Check, a question that tests whether or not a student understands the subject mat ter on a conceptual level Concept check questions are found within most chap- ters; many of them appeared in the end-of-chapter Questions and Problems sections of the previous edition. Answers to these questions are on the book's Web site, www.wiley.com/college/callister(studentCompanionSite) And, finally, for each chapter, both the Summary and the Questions and Prob- lems are organized by section; section titles precede their summaries and ques tions/problems Format Changes There are several other major changes from the format of the sixth edition. First of all, no CD-ROM is packaged with the in-print text; all electronic components are foundonthebooksWebsite(www.wiley.com/college/callister).thIsincludesthe last five chapters in the book--viz Chapter 19, " Thermal Properties: " Chapter 20, "Magnetic Properties; Chapter 21, Optical Properties; Chapter 22, " Materials Selection and Design Considerations; and Chapter 23, " Economic, Environmental and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering. "These chapters are in Adobe Acrobat pdf format and may be downloaded Furthermore, only complete chapters appear on the Web site (rather than se lected sections for some chapters per the sixth edition). And, in addition, for all sec tions of the book there is only one version--for the two-version sections of the sixth edition. in most instances, the detailed ones have been retained
Materials of Importance One new feature that has been incorporated in this edition is “Materials of Importance” pieces; in these we discuss familiar and interesting materials/applications of materials. These pieces lend some relevance to topical coverage, are found in most chapters in the book, and include the following: • Carbonated Beverage Containers • Water (Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) • Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) • Catalysts (and Surface Defects) • Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects • Lead-Free Solders • Shape-Memory Alloys • Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins • Carbon Nanotubes • Piezoelectric Ceramics • Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films • Phenolic Billiard Balls • Nanocomposites in Tennis Balls • Aluminum Electrical Wires • Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys • An Iron-Silicon Alloy That is Used in Transformer Cores • Light-Emitting Diodes Concept Check Another new feature included in this seventh edition is what we call a “Concept Check,” a question that tests whether or not a student understands the subject matter on a conceptual level. Concept check questions are found within most chapters; many of them appeared in the end-of-chapter Questions and Problems sections of the previous edition. Answers to these questions are on the book’s Web site, www.wiley.com/college/callister (Student Companion Site). And, finally, for each chapter, both the Summary and the Questions and Problems are organized by section; section titles precede their summaries and questions/problems. Format Changes There are several other major changes from the format of the sixth edition. First of all, no CD-ROM is packaged with the in-print text; all electronic components are found on the book’s Web site (www.wiley.com/college/callister). This includes the last five chapters in the book—viz. Chapter 19, “Thermal Properties;” Chapter 20, “Magnetic Properties;” Chapter 21, “Optical Properties;” Chapter 22, “Materials Selection and Design Considerations;” and Chapter 23, “Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering.” These chapters are in Adobe Acrobat® pdf format and may be downloaded. Furthermore, only complete chapters appear on the Web site (rather than selected sections for some chapters per the sixth edition). And, in addition, for all sections of the book there is only one version—for the two-version sections of the sixth edition, in most instances, the detailed ones have been retained. Preface • xi 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xi
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xii xi· Preface A. Six case studies have been relegated to Chapter 22, " Materials Selection and esign Considerations, which are as follows Materials Selection for a Torsionally Stressed Cylindrical Shaft Automobile Valve Spring Failure of an automobile rear axle Artificial Total Hip Replacement Chemical Protective Clothing Materials for Integrated Circuit Packages References to these case studies are made in the left-page margins at appropriate locations in the other chapters. All but " Chemical Protective Clothing" appeared in the sixth edition; it replaces the"Thermal Protection System on the Space Shuttle Orbiter" case study STUDENT LEARNING RESOURCES (IW WVILEL COM/COLLEGE/CALLISTER Also found on the book's Web site(under"Student Companion Site")are several important instructional elements for the student that complement the text; these include the following: 1. VMSE: Virtual Materials Science and Engineering. This is essentially the same software program that accompanied the previous edition, but now browser based for easier use on a wider variety of computer platforms. It consists of in- teractive simulations and animations that enhance the learning of key concepts in materials science and engineering, and, in addition, a materials properties/cost database. Students can access VMSE via the registration code included with all new copi Throughout the book, whenever there is some text or a problem that is sup plemented by VMSE, a small"icon"that denotes the associated module is in cluded in one of the margins. These modules and their corresponding icons are as follows. Metallic Crystal Structures and Crystallography Phase Diagrams Ceramic Crystal Structures Diffusion Repeat Unit and Polymer Structures Tensile Tests Dislocations aL Solid-Solution Strengthening 2. Answers to the Concept Check questions. 3. Direct access to online self-assessment exercises. This is a Web-based assess- ment program that contains questions and problems similar to those found in the text: these problems/questions are organized and labeled according to textbook sections. An answer/solution that is entered by the user in response to a ques tion/problem is graded immediately, and comments are offered for incorrect re sponses. The student may use this electronic resource to review course material, and to assess his/her mastery and understanding of topics covered in the text
Six case studies have been relegated to Chapter 22, “Materials Selection and Design Considerations,” which are as follows: • Materials Selection for a Torsionally Stressed Cylindrical Shaft • Automobile Valve Spring • Failure of an Automobile Rear Axle • Artificial Total Hip Replacement • Chemical Protective Clothing • Materials for Integrated Circuit Packages References to these case studies are made in the left-page margins at appropriate locations in the other chapters. All but “Chemical Protective Clothing” appeared in the sixth edition; it replaces the “Thermal Protection System on the Space Shuttle Orbiter” case study. STUDENT LEARNING RESOURCES (WWW.WILEY.COM/COLLEGE/CALLISTER) Also found on the book’s Web site (under “Student Companion Site”) are several important instructional elements for the student that complement the text; these include the following: 1. VMSE: Virtual Materials Science and Engineering. This is essentially the same software program that accompanied the previous edition, but now browserbased for easier use on a wider variety of computer platforms. It consists of interactive simulations and animations that enhance the learning of key concepts in materials science and engineering, and, in addition, a materials properties/cost database. Students can access VMSE via the registration code included with all new copies. Throughout the book, whenever there is some text or a problem that is supplemented by VMSE, a small “icon” that denotes the associated module is included in one of the margins. These modules and their corresponding icons are as follows: Metallic Crystal Structures Phase Diagrams and Crystallography Ceramic Crystal Structures Diffusion Repeat Unit and Polymer Tensile Tests Structures Dislocations Solid-Solution Strengthening 2. Answers to the Concept Check questions. 3. Direct access to online self-assessment exercises. This is a Web-based assessment program that contains questions and problems similar to those found in the text; these problems/questions are organized and labeled according to textbook sections. An answer/solution that is entered by the user in response to a question/problem is graded immediately, and comments are offered for incorrect responses. The student may use this electronic resource to review course material, and to assess his/her mastery and understanding of topics covered in the text. xii • Preface 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xii
496T fm i-xxvi 1/6/06 02: 56 Page xiii Pref 4. Additional Web resources, which include the following: Index of Learning Styles. Upon answering a 44-item questionnaire, a user's learning style preference(i.e, the manner in which information is assimi- lated and processed) is assessed. Extended Learning Objectives. A more extensive list of learning objectives than is provided at the beginning of each chapter Links to Other Web resources. These links are categorized according to general Internet, software, teaching, specific course content/activities, and materials databases INSTRUCTORS RESOURCES The"instructorcoMpanionSite"(www.wiley.com/college/callister)isavailablefor instructors who have adopted this text. Resources that are available include the following: 1. Detailed solutions of all end-of-chapter questions and problems (in both Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat PDF formats) 2. Photographs, illustrations, and tables that appear in the book (in PDF and JPEG formats); an instructor can print them for handouts or prepare transparen- cies in his/her desired format 3. A set of Power Point lecture slides developed by Peter M. Anderson(The Ohio State University) and David G Rethwisch(The University of Iowa). These slides follow the flow of topics in the text, and include materials from the text and other sources as well as illustrations and animations. Instructors may use the slides as is or edit them to fit their teaching needs. 4. A list of classroom demonstrations and laboratory experiments that portray phenomena and/or illustrate principles that are discussed in the book: references are also provided that give more detailed accounts of these demonstrations. 5. Suggested course syllabi for the various engineering disciplines. WileypLuS WileyPLUS gives you, the instructor, the technology to create an environment where students reach their full potential and experience academic success that will last a lifetime! With Wiley PLUs, students will come to class better prepared for your lec- tures, get immediate feedback and context-sensitive help on assignments and quizzes, and have access to a full range of interactive learning resources including a com- plete online version of their text. Wiley PLUS gives you a wealth of presentation and preparation tools, easy-to-navigate assessment tools including an online gradebook, and a complete system to administer and manage your course exactly as you wish. Contact your local Wiley representative for details on how to set up your Wiley PLUs courseorvisitthewebsiteatwww.wileycom/college/wileyplus FEEDBACK I have a sincere interest in meeting the needs of educators and students in the materials science and engineering community, and therefore would like to solicit feedback on this seventh edition. Comments, suggestions, and criticisms may be submittedtomeviae-mailatthefollowingaddress:billcallister@comcast.net ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is expressed to those who have made contributions to this edition I am especially indebted to David G. Rethwisch, who, as a special contributor
4. Additional Web resources, which include the following: • Index of Learning Styles. Upon answering a 44-item questionnaire, a user’s learning style preference (i.e., the manner in which information is assimilated and processed) is assessed. • Extended Learning Objectives. A more extensive list of learning objectives than is provided at the beginning of each chapter. • Links to Other Web Resources. These links are categorized according to general Internet, software, teaching, specific course content/activities, and materials databases. INSTRUCTORS’ RESOURCES The “Instructor Companion Site” (www.wiley.com/college/callister) is available for instructors who have adopted this text. Resources that are available include the following: 1. Detailed solutions of all end-of-chapter questions and problems (in both Microsoft Word® and Adobe Acrobat® PDF formats). 2. Photographs, illustrations, and tables that appear in the book (in PDF and JPEG formats); an instructor can print them for handouts or prepare transparencies in his/her desired format. 3. A set of PowerPoint® lecture slides developed by Peter M. Anderson (The Ohio State University) and David G. Rethwisch (The University of Iowa). These slides follow the flow of topics in the text, and include materials from the text and other sources as well as illustrations and animations. Instructors may use the slides as is or edit them to fit their teaching needs. 4. A list of classroom demonstrations and laboratory experiments that portray phenomena and/or illustrate principles that are discussed in the book; references are also provided that give more detailed accounts of these demonstrations. 5. Suggested course syllabi for the various engineering disciplines. WileyPLUS WileyPLUS gives you, the instructor, the technology to create an environment where students reach their full potential and experience academic success that will last a lifetime! With WileyPLUS, students will come to class better prepared for your lectures, get immediate feedback and context-sensitive help on assignments and quizzes, and have access to a full range of interactive learning resources including a complete online version of their text. WileyPLUS gives you a wealth of presentation and preparation tools, easy-to-navigate assessment tools including an online gradebook, and a complete system to administer and manage your course exactly as you wish. Contact your local Wiley representative for details on how to set up your WileyPLUS course, or visit the website at www.wiley.com/college/wileyplus. FEEDBACK I have a sincere interest in meeting the needs of educators and students in the materials science and engineering community, and therefore would like to solicit feedback on this seventh edition. Comments, suggestions, and criticisms may be submitted to me via e-mail at the following address: billcallister@comcast.net. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is expressed to those who have made contributions to this edition. I am especially indebted to David G. Rethwisch, who, as a special contributor, Preface • xiii 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 1/6/06 02:56 Page xiii