496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xviii xvi· Contents MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANCES IN 12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 439 IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 324 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 42 10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 32 10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation 12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 442 12.9 Stress-Strain behavior 447 Diagrams 335 12.10 Mechanisms of plastic 10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Deformation 449 12.11 Miscellaneous mechanical 10.8 Tempered Martensite 343 Considerations 451 10.9 Review of phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Important Terms and Concepts 454 Alloys 346 References 454 Questions and Problems 455 Important Terms and Concepts 351 Design Problems 459 eferences 352 Questions and Problems 352 Design Problems 356 13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics 460 11. Applications and Processing of Learning Objectives 461 Metal Alloy s 358 13.1 Introduction 461 Learning Objectives 359 TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF 11.1 Introduction 359 CERAMICS 461 13 Glasses 461 TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 359 Glass-Ceramics 462 11.2 Ferrous Alloys 359 13.4 Clay Products 463 11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 372 13.5 Refractories 464 FABRICATION OF METALS 382 13.6 Abrasives 466 11.4 Forming Operations 383 13.7 Cements 467 1.5 13.8 Advanced Ceramics 468 11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 386 FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OR THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 387 CERAMICS 471 11.7 Annealing Processes 388 13.9 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses 11. 8 Heat Treatment of Steels 390 and Glass-Ceramics 471 11.9 Precipitation Hardening 402 13.10 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 476 Important Terms and Concepts 409 13.11 Powder Pressing 481 13. 12 Tape Casting 484 Questions and Problems 410 Summary 484 Design Problems 411 Important Terms and Concepts 486 References 486 12. Structures and Properties of Questions and Problems 486 Design Problem 488 Ceramics f1+ Learning Objectives 415 14. Polymer Structures 489 12.1 Introduction 415 Learning Objectives 490 CERAMIC STRUCTURES 415 14.1 Introduction 4 12.2 Crystal Structures 415 14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 490 12.3 Silicate Ceramics 426 14.3 Polymer Molecules 492 12. 4 Carbon 430 14.4 The Chemistry of polymer 12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 4.34 Molecules 493 12.6 Diffusion in Ionic materials 438 14.5 Molecular Weight 497
xviii • Contents MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON–CARBON ALLOYS 324 10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 325 10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams 335 10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 339 10.8 Tempered Martensite 343 10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 346 Summary 350 Important Terms and Concepts 351 References 352 Questions and Problems 352 Design Problems 356 11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 358 Learning Objectives 359 11.1 Introduction 359 TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 359 11.2 Ferrous Alloys 359 11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 372 FABRICATION OF METALS 382 11.4 Forming Operations 383 11.5 Casting 384 11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 386 THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 387 11.7 Annealing Processes 388 11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels 390 11.9 Precipitation Hardening 402 Summary 407 Important Terms and Concepts 409 References 409 Questions and Problems 410 Design Problems 411 12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics 414 Learning Objectives 415 12.1 Introduction 415 CERAMIC STRUCTURES 415 12.2 Crystal Structures 415 12.3 Silicate Ceramics 426 12.4 Carbon 430 12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 434 12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials 438 12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 439 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 442 12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 442 12.9 Stress–Strain Behavior 447 12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 449 12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations 451 Summary 453 Important Terms and Concepts 454 References 454 Questions and Problems 455 Design Problems 459 13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics 460 Learning Objectives 461 13.1 Introduction 461 TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS 461 13.2 Glasses 461 13.3 Glass–Ceramics 462 13.4 Clay Products 463 13.5 Refractories 464 13.6 Abrasives 466 13.7 Cements 467 13.8 Advanced Ceramics 468 FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 471 13.9 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass–Ceramics 471 13.10 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 476 13.11 Powder Pressing 481 13.12 Tape Casting 484 Summary 484 Important Terms and Concepts 486 References 486 Questions and Problems 486 Design Problem 488 14. Polymer Structures 489 Learning Objectives 490 14.1 Introduction 490 14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 490 14.3 Polymer Molecules 492 14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 493 14.5 Molecular Weight 497 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xviii
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xix Contents·xi 14.6 Molecular Shape 500 POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 560 14.7 Molecular Structure 501 15.20 Polymerization 561 14.8 Molecular Configurations 503 15.21 Polymer Additives 563 14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting 15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 565 Polymers 506 15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 567 14.10 Copolymers 507 15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 56 14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 508 Summary 569 14.12 Polymer Crystals 512 Important Terms and Concepts 571 14.13 Defects in Polymers 514 References 577 14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 515 Questions and Problems 572 Summary 517 Important Terms and Concepts 519 References 519 Questions and Problems 519 16. Composites 52 15. Characteristics, Applications, and 16.1 Introduction 578 Processing of Polymers 528 PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 580 arning object 16.2 Large-Particle Composites 5 5.1 Introduction 524 16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened MECHANICAL BEHLAVIOR OF POLYMERS 524 ites 5.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 524 FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 585 5.3 Macroscopic Deformation 527 16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 585 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 527 16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and 15.5 Fracture of Polymers 532 Concentration 586 15.6 Miscellaneous mechanical 16.6 The Fiber phase 595 Characteristics 533 16.7 The Matrix Phase 596 MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR 16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 597 STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 535 16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 603 15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline 16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 605 16.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites 606 Polymers 535 5. 8 Factors That Influence the mechanical 16.12 Hybrid Composites 607 Properties of Semicrystalline 16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 538 Composites 60 15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 541 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 610 CRYSTALLIZATION. MELTING. AND GLASS 16.14 Laminar Composites 610 TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 544 16.15 Sandwich Panels 611 5.10 Crystallization 544 Important Terms and Concepts 615 15.11 Melting 545 References 616 15.12 The Glass Transition 545 Questions and Problems 616 15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Design Problems 619 Temperatures 546 5.14 Factors That Influence Melting and glass Transition Temperatures 547 12. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 621 15.15 Plastics 549 Learning Objectives 622 5.16 Elastomers 552 17.1 Introduction 622 5.17 Fibers 554 COBROSION OF METALS 622 15.18 Miscellaneous Applications 555 17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 623 15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 556 17.3 Corrosion Rates 630
Contents • xix 14.6 Molecular Shape 500 14.7 Molecular Structure 501 14.8 Molecular Configurations 503 14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 506 14.10 Copolymers 507 14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 508 14.12 Polymer Crystals 512 14.13 Defects in Polymers 514 14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 515 Summary 517 Important Terms and Concepts 519 References 519 Questions and Problems 519 15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers 523 Learning Objectives 524 15.1 Introduction 524 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS 524 15.2 Stress–Strain Behavior 524 15.3 Macroscopic Deformation 527 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 527 15.5 Fracture of Polymers 532 15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics 533 MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 535 15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 535 15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 538 15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 541 CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 544 15.10 Crystallization 544 15.11 Melting 545 15.12 The Glass Transition 545 15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 546 15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 547 POLYMER TYPES 549 15.15 Plastics 549 15.16 Elastomers 552 15.17 Fibers 554 15.18 Miscellaneous Applications 555 15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 556 POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 560 15.20 Polymerization 561 15.21 Polymer Additives 563 15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 565 15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 567 15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 568 Summary 569 Important Terms and Concepts 571 References 571 Questions and Problems 572 Design Questions 576 16. Composites 577 Learning Objectives 578 16.1 Introduction 578 PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 580 16.2 Large-Particle Composites 580 16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 584 FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 585 16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 585 16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 586 16.6 The Fiber Phase 595 16.7 The Matrix Phase 596 16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 597 16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 603 16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 605 16.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 606 16.12 Hybrid Composites 607 16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 607 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 610 16.14 Laminar Composites 610 16.15 Sandwich Panels 611 Summary 613 Important Terms and Concepts 615 References 616 Questions and Problems 616 Design Problems 619 17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 621 Learning Objectives 622 17.1 Introduction 622 CORROSION OF METALS 622 17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 623 17.3 Corrosion Rates 630 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xix
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xx xx· Contents 17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 631 18.20 Types of Polarization 708 17.5 Passivity 638 18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric 17.6 Environmental Effects 640 Constant 709 17.7 Forms of Corrosion 640 18.22 Dielectric Strength 711 17.8 Corrosion Environments 648 18.23 Dielectric Materials 711 17.9 Corrosion Prevention 649 OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 17.10 Oxidation 651 MATERIALS 711 CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 654 18.24 Ferroelectricity 711 DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 65. 18.25 Piezoelectricity 712 17.11 Swelling and Dissolution 655 Summary 713 17. 12 Bond Rupture 657 Important Terms and Concepts 715 17.13 Weathering 658 References 715 Questions and Problems 716 Design Problems 720 Important Terms and Concepts 660 References 661 Questions and Problems s219. Thermal Properties I Design Problems 644 Learning Objectives W2 19.1 Introduction W2 18. Electrical Properties 665 19.2 Heat Capacity W2 Learning Objectives 666 19.3 Thermal Expansion W4 18.1 Introduction 666 19.4 Thermal Conductivity W7 19.5 Thermal Stresses W12 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 666 Summary W14 18.2 Ohms Law 666 Important Terms and Concepts W15 18.3 Electrical Conductivity 667 References w15 18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 66 Questions and Problems w15 18.5 Energy Band Structures in Design Problems W17 Solids 668 18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and 20. Magnetic Properties w19 Atomic Bonding Models 671 18.7 Electron Mobility 673 Learning Objectives W20 18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 674 20.1 Introduction w20 18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial 20.2 Basic Concepts W20 Alloys 67 20.3 Diamagnetism and SEMICONDUCTIVITY 679 Paramagnetism W24 20.4 Ferromagnetism W26 18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 679 20.5 Antiferromagnetism and 18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 682 Ferrimagnetism W28 18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier 20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Concentration 686 Magnetic Behavior W32 18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 688 20.7 Domains and Hysteresis W33 18.14 The hall Effect 692 20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy W37 18.15 Semiconductor devices 694 0.9 Soft ma ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS 20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials w41 AND IN POLYMERS 700 20.11 Magnetic Storage W44 18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 701 onductivity w47 18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 701 Summary w50 DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 02 Important Terms and Concepts W52 References W52 18.18 Capacitance 703 Questions and Problems W53 18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 704 Design Problems w56
xx • Contents 17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 631 17.5 Passivity 638 17.6 Environmental Effects 640 17.7 Forms of Corrosion 640 17.8 Corrosion Environments 648 17.9 Corrosion Prevention 649 17.10 Oxidation 651 CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 654 DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 655 17.11 Swelling and Dissolution 655 17.12 Bond Rupture 657 17.13 Weathering 658 Summary 659 Important Terms and Concepts 660 References 661 Questions and Problems 661 Design Problems 644 18. Electrical Properties 665 Learning Objectives 666 18.1 Introduction 666 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 666 18.2 Ohm’s Law 666 18.3 Electrical Conductivity 667 18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 668 18.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 668 18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 671 18.7 Electron Mobility 673 18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 674 18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 677 SEMICONDUCTIVITY 679 18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 679 18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 682 18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 686 18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 688 18.14 The Hall Effect 692 18.15 Semiconductor Devices 694 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 700 18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 701 18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 701 DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 702 18.18 Capacitance 703 18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 704 18.20 Types of Polarization 708 18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 709 18.22 Dielectric Strength 711 18.23 Dielectric Materials 711 OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 711 18.24 Ferroelectricity 711 18.25 Piezoelectricity 712 Summary 713 Important Terms and Concepts 715 References 715 Questions and Problems 716 Design Problems 720 19. Thermal Properties W1 Learning Objectives W2 19.1 Introduction W2 19.2 Heat Capacity W2 19.3 Thermal Expansion W4 19.4 Thermal Conductivity W7 19.5 Thermal Stresses W12 Summary W14 Important Terms and Concepts W15 References W15 Questions and Problems W15 Design Problems W17 20. Magnetic Properties W19 Learning Objectives W20 20.1 Introduction W20 20.2 Basic Concepts W20 20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism W24 20.4 Ferromagnetism W26 20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism W28 20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior W32 20.7 Domains and Hysteresis W33 20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy W37 20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials W38 20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials W41 20.11 Magnetic Storage W44 20.12 Superconductivity W47 Summary W50 Important Terms and Concepts W52 References W52 Questions and Problems W53 Design Problems W56 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xx
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xxi Contents·xxi 21. Optical Properties W5 22.8 Testing Procedure and Results W102 Learning Objectives W58 22.9Di 21.1 Introduction W58 ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT W108 BASIC CONCEPTS W58 22.10 Anatomy of the Hip Joint W108 21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation W58 22.11 Material Requirements W1ll 21.3 Light Interactions with Solids W60 22 12 Materials Employed W112 21.4 Atomic and electronic CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING W115 Interactions W61 22 13 Introduction W115 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS W62 22.14 Assessment of cPc glove materials to Protect Against Exposure to Methyler OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS W63 Chloride W115 21.5 Refraction W63 MATERLALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 21.6 Reflection w65 PACKACEs W119 21.7 Absorption W65 21. 8 Transmission W68 22 15 Introduction W119 21.9 Color w69 22.16 Leadframe Design and Materials W120 22.17 Die Bonding W121 21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators W71 22.18 Wire Bonding W124 22.19 Package Encapsulation W125 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA W72 22.20 Tape Automated Bonding W127 2111 Luminescence W72 21.12 Photoconductivity W72 References W130 21.13 Lasers W75 Design Questions and Problems W131 21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications W79 Summary w8 223. Economic, Environmental, and Important Terms and Concepts w83 Societal issues in materials science References W84 and Engineering 135 Questions and Problems W84 esign Problem W85 Learning Objectives W136 23.1 Introduction W136 22. Materials Selectio nd Design ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS W136 Considerations s6 23.2 Component Design W137 23.3 Materials W137 Learning Objectives W87 22.1 Introduction W87 23. 4 Manufacturing Techniques W137 MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT W8 CONSIDERATIONS W137 22.2 Strength Considerations-Torsionally 23.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Stressed Shaft W88 Engineering W140 22.3 Other Property Considerations and the Summary W143 eferences 143 Final decision W93 Design Question W144 2.4 Mechanics of Spring Deformation w94 Appendi r A The International System of 2.5 Valve S Units A1 Requirements w95 22.6 One Commonly Employed Steel Appendix B Properties of Selected alloy w98 Materials 43 FAILURE OF AN AUTOMOBILE REAR B. 1 Density A3 AXLE W101 B 2 Modulus of Elasticity A6 2.7 Introduction W10 Pc Ratio A10
Contents • xxi 21. Optical Properties W57 Learning Objectives W58 21.1 Introduction W58 BASIC CONCEPTS W58 21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation W58 21.3 Light Interactions with Solids W60 21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions W61 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS W62 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS W63 21.5 Refraction W63 21.6 Reflection W65 21.7 Absorption W65 21.8 Transmission W68 21.9 Color W69 21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators W71 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA W72 21.11 Luminescence W72 21.12 Photoconductivity W72 21.13 Lasers W75 21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications W79 Summary W82 Important Terms and Concepts W83 References W84 Questions and Problems W84 Design Problem W85 22. Materials Selection and Design Considerations W86 Learning Objectives W87 22.1 Introduction W87 MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT W87 22.2 Strength Considerations–Torsionally Stressed Shaft W88 22.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision W93 AUTOMOTIVE VALVE SPRING W94 22.4 Mechanics of Spring Deformation W94 22.5 Valve Spring Design and Material Requirements W95 22.6 One Commonly Employed Steel Alloy W98 FAILURE OF AN AUTOMOBILE REAR AXLE W101 22.7 Introduction W101 22.8 Testing Procedure and Results W102 22.9 Discussion W108 ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT W108 22.10 Anatomy of the Hip Joint W108 22.11 Material Requirements W111 22.12 Materials Employed W112 CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING W115 22.13 Introduction W115 22.14 Assessment of CPC Glove Materials to Protect Against Exposure to Methylene Chloride W115 MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGES W119 22.15 Introduction W119 22.16 Leadframe Design and Materials W120 22.17 Die Bonding W121 22.18 Wire Bonding W124 22.19 Package Encapsulation W125 22.20 Tape Automated Bonding W127 Summary W129 References W130 Design Questions and Problems W131 23. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering W135 Learning Objectives W136 23.1 Introduction W136 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS W136 23.2 Component Design W137 23.3 Materials W137 23.4 Manufacturing Techniques W137 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS W137 23.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering W140 Summary W143 References W143 Design Question W144 Appendix A The International System of Units A1 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A3 B.1 Density A3 B.2 Modulus of Elasticity A6 B.3 Poisson’s Ratio A10 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xxi
496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xxii xxi· Contents B 4 Strength and ductility All IppendizE Glass Transition and Melting ,5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A16 emperatures for Common Polymeric B 6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Materials 4/ Expansion Al7 B 7 Thermal Conductivity A21 B 8 Specific Heat A24 Glossary GO .9 Electrical Resistivity A26 Answers to Selected Problems S/ B10 Metal Alloy Compositie Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected engineering materials 431 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for ommon Polymers 3
xxii • Contents B.4 Strength and Ductility A11 B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A16 B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A17 B.7 Thermal Conductivity A21 B.8 Specific Heat A24 B.9 Electrical Resistivity A26 B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions A29 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A31 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A37 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A41 Glossary G0 Answers to Selected Problems S1 Index I1 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xxii