PARTIANGIOLOGYChapter1 Cardiovascular SystemSection1 General DescriptionV.PericardiumI.Organization of the Cardiovascular SystemSection3ArteriesII.VascularAnastomosesI.Arteries of Pulmonary CirculationSection2HeartIL.Arteriesof SystemicCirculationI.Position and External Features of HeartSection4VeinsII. Chambers of HeartI. General DescriptionII.Structure of HeartII.Pulmonary VeinsIV.Conduction System of HeartIII.Systemic VeinsV. Vessels of HeartChapter2Lymphatic SystemSection1IntroductionII. Lymph Nodes and Lymph Drainage of Tho-I. Lymphatic VesselsraxII. Lymph NodesIV. Lymph Nodes and Lymph Drainage of Abdo-Section2LymphaticDuctsmenI.Thoracic DuctV.Lymph Nodes and Lymph Drainage of PelvisII. Right Lymphatic DuctVI.LymphNodes and LymphDrainageof LowerLimbSection 3Lymph Nodes and Lymph Drainage ofWhole BodySection4 LymphDrainage of Some OrgansI.Lymph Nodes and Lymph Drainage of HeadSection5 Spleen andThymusI.Spleenand NeckII.ThymusII.LymphNodes and LymphDrainageofUpperLimbIntroductionThe circulatory system includes the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. The cardiovascular systemcomprises the heart and vessels. Theyform a tubular system which, with limited exception, is closed and linedthroughout with endothelium. The cardiovascular system is flled with blood. The lymphatic system consistsof the lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and lymphatic organs. The fuid in the lymphatics is called lymph.Some tissue fuid is absorbed into lymphatic capillaries, where it is drained by the lymphatic vessels throughthe lymph nodes to thegreat veins at the root oftheneck.The main function served by the circulatory system is transporting materials, The fluid products of diges-tion are absorbed from the digestivetract into the bloodstream.Oxygenfrom the air passes intolungs and theninto the bloodstream. Water, nutrients, oxygen and hormones are distributed to the various tssues and organsvia the bloodstreamThe waste products ofmetabolismformed inthe tissues,enter the bloodstream and arebrought by it to the excretory organs (kidneys, lungs and skin)..193.FD3扫描全能王创建
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23Cardiovascular SystemChapter 1elasti prieshwallhmedumizSection 1 General De-aemculararaeriachindivdaoaadbchnmscriptionwallischaracterizdyncuumsuaromonareutmmdmter and just visible to the naked eye.I . Organization of the Car-diovascular System3.CapillariesThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart,arteries,veins and capillaries.The capillaries are connected with arteries andveins. They form an anastomosing network. The1.Heartcapllaries can be found in various tissues and organsexceptfor the cartilage, cornea,lens,hairs, epide.mis, etc. Their wall favors exchange between bloodEven though anatomically the heart is a singleand the tissue fluid. The exchange includes oxygenorgan, the right and left sides of the heart function ascarbon dioxide,nutrients,water and inorganic ions,two separate pumps.The heart is divided into rightvitamins, hormones, metabolic products, etc.and left halvesandhasfourchambers,an upper andalower chamber within each half.The left and rightatria receive blood from veins and transfer it to the4.Veinsleft and right ventricles, which pump the blood intoarteries.The two halves of the heart are separated byThe vessels that return blood from the tissues tothe interatrial and interventricular septums.This septhe atria are veins. Veins accompany arteries and havearation is extremely important, because the right halfthe same tree-like pattern,thebranches being calledof the heartis receiving and pumping O,-poor bloodtributaries.Veins are characterized by a relatively thinwhiletheleft sideof theheart receives andpumps Owall in comparison with arteries of similar size andrich blood. Blood flows through the heart in one fixedby a large capacitance.In the cadaver the veins,evendirection from atria to ventricles,then to arteries.Thewhen collapsed, maintain their large diameter andvalves of the heart ensure that the blood flows in thethey are more likely to be found full ofblood than areproper direction through the heart.the arteries.The blood traverses two separate circuits, theArteriespulmonary and the systemic, each with its own pump.In the pulmonary circulation, the blood enteringThe vessels that carry blood away from the ven-the right atrium passes to the right ventricle, whichtricles to the tissue are arteries. The aorta and thepumps blood'through the pulmonary arteries to thepulmonary trunk branch and rebranch like a tree. Thecapillaries of the lungs, then through the pulmonarybranches become smaller as they become progressive-veinstothelef atriumInthesystemicirculatoly more numerous. The arteries arising from the heartthebloodeneringtheleatriumpassestthelefand their main branches are called the large arteriesventricle, which pumps bloodthroughtheaortand(elastic arteries), characterized by the dominantlyisarousbanchsthepllariesoar.194.2扫描全能王创建O
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Chapter1 Cardiovascular System ·195 .of the body, then through veins to right atrium (Fig.nent arteries and veins, while the others disappear.-1-1).Normally the blood is red in color when theSome vascular anastomoses remain after birth (Fig.oxygen content is high, and bluish when the oxygenIII-1-2)is low. Therefore, the blood is red in the pulmonaryveins, the leff side ofthe heart and the systemic arterArterial anastomosesies, and it is blue in the systemic veins, the right sideof the heart and the pulmonary arteries.The arterial anastomoses occur between certainlargevessels,forming arterialnetworks (e.g.,artic-ular networks)，arterial arches (e.g.,superficial anddeep palmar arches),and arterial circle(e.g-,cere-bral arterial circle).Anastomoses also occur betweenmany small vessels and precapillaryvessels.2.Venous anastomosesThe venous anastomoses are richer than the arteri-al anastomoses. Surrounding the organs or within thewalls of the organs, some veins anastomose one an-other,formingvenousplexuses(e.g.vesicalplexus,uterine plexus,and rectal plexus).In some parts theyjoinwitheach other toform venousnetworks, for ex-ample,the dorsal venous network of the hand.3.Arteriovenous anastomosesIn someregions arterioles communicatedirectlywith venules, e.g, in the skin of the terminal phalan-ges, lips and nose, and in the nail bed. Function of ar-teriovenous anastomoses is regulating the local bloodflow.Fig.II-1-1 Diagram of the circulatory system4.Collateral anastomosesThe adjacent collaterals of the larger arteries anas-I.Vascular Anastomosestomose one another,forming colleteral anastomoses.In cases of obstruction of the larger arteries, it is byDuring development, networks of vessels sproutthe enlargement of these anastomoses that a collateralin to actively growing parts and as the parts enlarge,circulation is established and the vitality of distantthe networks advance farther into them.Certain chan-parts is preserved.nels through these networks are chosen to be perma-口扫描全能王创建
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IANGIOLOGY.196.PARTⅢArterial networkArteriovenousanastomosesCommunicatingbranchArterial archTrunk of arteryCollateralbranchCollateral anastomosesCollateral circulationFig.I-1-2Vascular anastomosestilted forward and to the left, about two-thirds of itSection 2 Heartlies to the left of the midline and one-third on theright. It is described as having a base and an apex,three surfaces and three borders.There arefive groovesI .Position and Externalon the cardiac surfaces (Fig. II-1-4 and II-1-5)Features of HeartThe cardiac base is somewhat quadrilateral,and faces posteriorly and to the right. It is formedThe heart is a hollow, muscular organ about themainly by the left atrium, and only partly by thesize of a closed fist. An average adult heart is aboutposterior part of the right atrium. At the cardiac284g(from240-350g)inmalesand258g(from220base, two pulmonary veins on each side open into280 g) in females. The size and weight of the heartthe left atrium, while the superior and inferior vevary considerably depending on age, height, bodynae cavae open into the right atrium. The cardiacweight and physical activities. For cxample, the sizebase is separated from the esophagus and aorta byand weight of his or her heart increases if someonethe pericardium.often labors and does physical exercise.Enclosed inThe cardiac apexfaces anteriorly and tothe lef.the pericardium, it occupies the middle mediastinumIt is formed by the lef ventricle and located behindbetween the pleurac and the lungs. It is placed behindthe leffifh intercostal space1-2cm medial to thethe bodyofthe sternumandthe secondto sixth costalmidlaviularlWhnhabats,esecaycartilages and in the front of the body of the fourthwhnitontractsforcfuythecardiacapexthumto eighth vertebra. It rests upon the diaphragm. At itsagainst thechest wallwebcomawareofthebeaupper extremity large blood vessels enter or leave iting heartthroughtheapexbeatonthelefsidefthe(Fig. III-1-3) .chest.Theheartbeat ispalpableonpatients chestThe heart is somewhat conical or pyramidal formwall.D扫描全能王创建D
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Chapter.1CardiovascularSystem·197.LeftcommoncarotidaBrachioccphalictrunLeftsubclavianaAorticarchLeft vagus n.:Superior vena cavAscending aorta-PulmonarytrunkPericardiumRight lunLeft lungApexofheartDiaphragnFig.Il-1-3PositionoftheheartAorticarchArterial ligamentSuperiorvena caveLeftpulmonarya.Pulmonary trunkLeft auricleBranchofsinoatrialnodLeft coronarya.Right auricleCircumflexbranchRight coronary aLeft marginal branchAnteriorcardiacGreatcardicvAnteriorinterventricularbranchRight marginal branchLeftventricleRight ventricleCardiac apexStemocostal surfaceCardiac apica lincisureFig. I-1-4External features and the vessels of the heart (anterior view)DR扫描全能王创建口
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