PART ILOCOMOTORSYSTEMChapter1 OstedlogySection 1 General DescriptionSection2Bones of LimbsI.Shape and Classification of BonesI.Bones of Upper LimbII.Markings of BonesII. Bones of Lower LimbIII.Structure of BonesSection3Axial BonesIV.Chemical CompositionandPhysical PropertiesI. Bones of TrunkofBonesI.Bones of SkullV.Vasculature and Innervation of BonesII . Skull View as a WholeVI.Development of BonesIV.Skull at Birth and Change after BirthVI.Functions of BonesChapter2 ArthrologySection1 GeneralDescriptionII.Features and Movements of Vertebral ColumnI.SynarthrosisII. Thoracic JointsI.DiarthrosesIV.Thoracic CageSection2 Joints of SkullSection 4 Joints of Upper and Lower LimbSection 3 Joints of Bones of TrunkI . Joints ofUpper LimbI.Articulations of Vertebral ColumnII.Joints of Lower LimbChapter3MyologySection1 IntroductionI.Muscles of HeadI .Morphology of Skeletal MuscleI.Muscles of NeckII . Origin, Insertion and Action of Skeletal Mus-Section 4Muscles of Upper LimbclesIMuscles of ShoulderII.Nomenclature of MusclesII . Muscles of ArmIV . Supplementary Structures of MusclesII.Muscles of ForearmSection 2 Muscles of TrunkIV.Muscles of HandI.Muscles of BackSection5 Muscles of Lower LimbII. Muscles of ThoraxI.Muscles ofHip (Musclesof Pelvic Girdle)II.DiaphragmII. Muscles of ThighIV.Muscles of Abdomen and FasciaeII. Muscles of LegSection 3Muscles of Head and NeckV.Muscles of Foot扫描全能王创建
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PARTILOCOMOTORSYSTEM·5.General Descriptionof LocomotorSystemThe locomotor system consists of bones,joints and muscles.The general framework of the body isbuilt up mainly ofa series of bones, which is supplemented in certain regions by pieces ofcartilage.This bonyand cartilaginousframework is theskeleton.Each bone is linked to anotherby joints (or articulations)such anarrangement enables the skeleton to support a system of levers to which the muscles and other structuresare attached.Movements at joints are controlled and produced mainly by muscles attached to bones.Wherebones surround structures such as the brain, heart, lungs or other organs,they provide considerable protectionTherefore,the skeleton not only provides the frameworkfor the body,but also carries out the functionsofmotion, supportandprotection.扫描全能王创建
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Chapter 1OsteologyThe general framework of the body is built upbut becomes thinner toward the ends. The medullary3mainly of a series of bones, which is supplemented incavity contains some bone marrow in living bones.certain regions by pieces of cartilage. The individualThe ends are generally expanded and called epiphy.bones of the body are linked together by joints toses, which consists of the spongy or cancellous boneform the skeleton.mainly. The smooth surface of the end is called theBones in adult are 206 in number, with the six eararticular surface which is covered by the articular car-ossicles excluded, and may be divided into the cranialtilage. The portion connecting the shaft and epiphysesbones, the trunk bones and the appendicular bones.is the metaphysis. In infancy, the shaft and epiphysesThe former two are regarded as the axial bone (Figare separated by a plate of cartilage, which is known1-1-1)as the epiphysial plate or epiphysial cartilage. Whengrow up, the epiphysial plate is ossified and getsSection 1 Generalthinner and thinner, until it ultimately disappearsDescriptionand becomes the epiphysial line.This event is calledepiphysial closure, which indicates the stop of boneBone is one of the hardest structure of the bodygrowth.It possesses also a certain degree of toughness andelasticity. Each bone is an organ. It has proper shape.Short bonesand certain functions, and is abundant in blood andnerve supply. The metabolism and growth of bonesThe short bones are cuboidal in shape and foundare constantly processing.Exercise contributes to theonly in the wrist and ankle, including the carpal andhealthy development and growth of bones, while lacktarsal bones.They can bear pressure and play an im-of exerciseforalong timemay cause osteoporosis.portant role of support. The short bone consists main-ly of spongybone,coveredbya thin layerof compactI. Shape and Classificationbone.ofBones3.FlatbonesBones are classified into four kinds according totheir shape, namely, the long, short, flat and irregularThe flat bones resemble shallow plates and formbones (Fig.I-I-2).boundaries of certain body cavities, e. g., the parietalbone, occipital bone, sternum, ribs, scapula, and so1.Long boneson. The main function of them is usually to protectimportant organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, liver,The long bones are tubular and found in thespleen, etc. These bones are composed of two layerslimbs, for example, humerus and femur.They act asof compact bone enclosing between them a variablelevers in locomotion.Eachlong bone consists of aquantityof spongybone.body or shaft and two ends or extremities. The body,In the cranial bones, the outer layer is thicker,or diaphysis is cylindrical,and bears a central cavitytougher than the inner layer and is called the outertermed as the medullary cavity within it. The wallplate; the inner layer is thin, dense and brittle, and isof the shaft consists of the compact bone, which hasnamed as the inner plate; the intervening spongy boneconsiderable thickness in the middle part of the shaft,is called the diploe.·6.扫描全能王创建O
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yayeChapterl Osteology.7.Cranial bonesClavicleCervical vertebraeScapulaStemumRibsHumerusSkeletonoftnunkThoracicvertebraeBonesofupperlimbUlnaLumbarvertebraeacrumRadiusBonesof hand111BonesofPatellalowerlimbFibulaTibiaBones offootFig.1-1-1 The human skeleton扫描全能王创建
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·8·PARTILOCOMOTORSYSTEMPatellIbones-HumerusLongboneShortboneSesamoid boneCompactbExternal plateSpongybone(diploe)InternalplateParietal boneVertebFlatboneIrregular boneFig.I-1-2 Theshapeofbonesis difficult to describe. They include vertebrae, andIrregular bonesmany skull bones, e. g., sphenoid, mandible. Theycarry out different functions. The irregular bone con-The irregular bones have a complex shape thatsists of spongy bone enclosed within a thin layerof口扫描全能王创建
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