YOOLOPART IISPLANCHNO-LOGYChapter1General DescriptionII.The Reference Lines of Thorax and AbdominalI.General Structureof VisceraRegionsChapter2AlimentarySystemSection 1 Oral CavitySection 5 Small IntestineI. LipsI.DuodenumII.CheeksII. Jejunum and IleumSection 6 Large IntestineII.PalateI.CecumIV.Teeth (Dentes)II.VermiformAppendixV. Tongue (Lingua)II. ColonVI.Salivary GlandsIV.RectumSection2PharynxV.Anal CanalI. Nasal Part of PharynxSection 7 LiverI.Oral Part of PharynxI. Features of the LiverIII. Laryngeal Part of PharynxII.Position and Relations of the LiverSection3EsophagusSection8 Gallbladder and theBiliaryDuctsSection4 StomachI.GallbladderI. Morphology of the StomachII. External Biliary Tracts of the LiverII.Position and Relations ofthe StomachSection 9 PancreasII. Structure of the Wall of the StomachChapter3Respiratory SystemIV.Muscles of LarynxSectionl NoseV.Laryngeal CavityI.External NoseSection 4TracheaII.Nasal CavitySection5 BronchiIl.Paranasal SinusesSection2PharynxSection6 LungsI.External Features of LungsSection3LarynxII. Lobes and Segments of LungsI.Laryngeal CartilagesII. Laryngeal JointsSection7PleuraI.Parietal PleuraI.Laryngeal Ligaments and Membranes-115.可.CK扫描全能王创建可
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.116·PARTISPLANCHNOLOGYandPleuraeII.Visceral PleuraMediastinumII.Pleural Cavity and RecessesSection8IV.Projection of the Inferior Margins of LungsITHASChapter4 Urinary SystemI.Abdominal PartSection1 KidneysII.Pelvic PartI.Features of KidneysI.Intramural PartII. Location of KidneysSection3UrinaryBladderI.Structure of KidneyI.Features and Location of Urinary BladderIV.Coverings of KidneysII.Structure of theWall of Urinary BladderV.Renal Blood Supply and Renal SegmentSection 4 UrethraVI.TheRenalAnomaliesSection 2UretersChapter 5 Male Genital OrgansVI.Accessory GlandsSection1 Internal Genital OrgansSection2 External Genital OrgansI.TestesI.ScrotumII. EpididymisII. PenisII.Ductus DeferensII. Male UrethraIV.Ejaculatory DuctV. Spermatic CordChapter6 Female Genital OrgansIV.VaginaSection 1 Internal Genital Organs09mSection 2External GenitaliaI.OvariesSection3MammaryGlandsinFemaleII.Uterine TubesOHLOII.Uterus用Chapter 7 PerineumII.Anal TriangleI. Urogenital TriangleChapter 8PeritoneumII.Omental BursaI.LesserOmentumIV.Pouches in Pelvic CavityII.GreaterOmentum口口格扫描全能王创建尚
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Chapter 1General Description一Splanchnology deals with the study of the alimen-of water,solutes and various wastes.The functionstary system, respiratory system, urinary system andof the genital system are to producegerm cells and togenital system.The organs of these systems are col-secrete sexual hormones.lectively called the viscera. The viscera are possessedof some features:communicating with externalI .General Structure of Vis-circumstance through some openings on the surfaceceraof thebody;situated in the thoracic cavity,abdominalcavity and pelvic cavity: covered by the pleura orThough the organs of viscera have various shapes,peritoneum for themostof viscera.they can be divided into two types according to theirThe main functions of the viscera are to fulfill thegeneral-structures:the tubular or hollow organs andmetabolism,maintain the life of the species and mul-thenon-tabular or parenchymatous organs.tiply the progeny.The alimentary system is to takecharge of ingesting and digesting foods, absorbing(1) Hollow organnourishments and eliminating unused residues.Therespiratory system is to carry out the gas exchange,This kind of organs are shaped like a tube or a sacinhale oxygen from the environment for supplyingand constituted by a soff wall and a internal cavity.the living cells and expel carbon dioxide resultingThe wall consists of three orfour layers of differentfrom cell metabolism to the environment. The pri-tissues.For example,thewall ofthe alimentarytractmary function of theurinary system is to keep theis constitutedbythemucosa,submucosa,muscularwater and electrolyte of the body in homeostasis bylayer and adventitiafrom inner to outer(Fig.II-1-1).excreting the urine that consists of selected amountMesenteryLongitudinal layer ofmuscular membraneCircular layer of muscular membraneSubmucosaMuscular layer ofmucosaSerosa (Serousmembrane)Lamina propria of mucosaEpithliumMucosalfoldGland of submucosaLymphoid noduleBlood vesselsMucosa(Mucousmembrane)Fig.II-1-1 A diagram of the structure of tubular viscus.117.口货扫描全能王创建
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·118:PARTI SPLANCHNOLOGYnamed the hilum (or porta), such as the hilum ofBecause of different structures, every layer ofungoaumkyanthe wall has its special function.The epithelium ofwhere some important structures enter or leave thethe mucosa can secrete the digestivefluid and abviscus. Because the parenchymatous organ is brittle,sorb various substances.The submucosa contains athey are easily broken and bled by a stroke.lot of areolar tissue and makes the mucosa extendedand contractive.The muscular layer can produce theII.TheReference Lines ofperistalsis of digestive tube so that the food could bemoved.Most of the adventitia of digestive tube isThorax and Abdominal Re-covered with a serosa that is mainly composed of thegionsmesothelium and can reduce the friction between theorgans.In order to locate the visceral organs exactly, es-pecially for clinical usage, some reference lines are(2) Parenchymatous organmarked on the surface of thorax and the abdomen isdivided into someregions.This kind of viscus appears usually as a soft, gray-ishred orbrownishmass,which ismainlyconstituted1.Common used reference linesby different secreting epithelia in different apparatus.of the thorax (Fig.Il-1-2)The organ is encased in a thin fibrous capsule anddivided interiorly into many units known as lobulesThese lines are imaginary vertical lines andby fibrous partitions from the capsule.Asomewhatdepression or slit on the surface of the viscus is oftenmarked as follows:AnteriormedianlineLeftanterioraxillary lineRight stemal lineRight parastemal lineLeft midclavicular lineRight hypochondriac regionEpigastricregionSubcostal lineUmbilical regionRight lateral (Lumbar) regionMidinguinal lineRight inguinal (lliac)regionTranstubercular linePubic(Hypogastric)regionFig. II-1-2The reference lines on the anterior aspect of the thorax and abdomen可口扫描全能王创建D
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Chapter1 General Description ,119.1) Anterior median line is the line marked throughgionsthe median of the sternum.In the nine-area method, two transverse planes2) Lateral sternal line is the line just going throughand two sagittal planes are used.One of the transversethe lateral border of the widest part of the sternum.planes is going through the tubercles on the right and3) Midclavicular lineis the line drawn through theleft iliac crests,expressed with the transtubercularline.Another one is passed through the inferior lim-midpoint of the clavicle and usually coincides withits of the right and left costal arches, showed as thethe mammary line in male.subcostal line.The two sagittal planes bisect the right4)Parasternal lineis the line located the midwayand left inguinal ligaments and are expressed with thebetween the lateral sternal line and the midclavicularmidinguinal lines.Bymeans of these planes (or lines),line.the abdomen is divided into nine regions from supe-5) Anterior axillary line, midaxillary line and pos-rior to inferior:arranged in the middle part are theterior axillary line are the lines marked separatelyepigastric region, umbilical region and pubic regionthrough the anterior axillary fold, middle of the axilla(orhypogastricregion),andplacedintwolateralandposterioraxillaryfold.parts are the right and left hypochondriac regions, lat-6) Scapular lineis the line through the inferior angleeral regions(or lumbar regions)，and inguinal regionsof the scapula in anatomical posture.(oriliac regions).7) Paravertebral lineis the line just passing throughThequadrants is made by two planes,a transversethe lateral ends of the transverse processes of the ver-and a vertical, which pass through the umbilicus andtebraeintersect at right angle. So the abdomen is divided8) Posterior median line is the line drawn alonginto four quadrants, an upper right (RUQ),an upperthe spines ofthe vertebraeleft (LUQ),a lower right (RLQ)and a lower leftquadrant (LLQ).Abdominal regionsFor two methods mentioned above, the nine-areamethod is more exact and useful than the quadrantsThere are two methods by which the abdomenin describing the positions of viscera in anatomy oris divided into some regions. One of the methods iswriting down the focus of disease in clinical work.called nine-area method in that we can divide theLiaoYanhong（廖燕宏）LiuZhiyu（刘执玉）abdomen into nine regions and another one is namedquadrants in that the abdomen is divided into four re-扫描全能王创建
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