Chapter 2Mineral Nutrition of Plant教学章节：植物必需的矿质元素、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、植物对矿质元素的吸收、无机养料的同化、矿物质在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础。计划学时：2h一、教学目的通过本章的学习，要求学生掌握：植物的必需元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。熟悉：怎样应用矿质理论为农林业生产服务。二、教学重点1）植物的必需矿质元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；2）矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。三、教学难点(1）林植物必需矿质元素的生理作用；（2）石矿质元素的吸收途径。四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction ofmaincontents ofthis chapter(5min)2.1 Essential Minerals of Plant (25 min)2.1.1 Elements in plant bodymore than 602.1.2 Essential elements of plant6
6 Chapter 2 Mineral Nutrition of Plant 教学章节：植物必需的矿质元素、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、植物对矿质元素的吸收、无 机养料的同化、矿物质在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础。 计划学时：2 h 一、教学目的 通过本章的学习, 要求学生掌握: 植物的必需元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；矿质元 素的吸收和运输途径。熟悉: 怎样应用矿质理论为农林业生产服务。 二、教学重点 1) 植物的必需矿质元素及其在植物体内的生理作用； 2) 矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。 三、教学难点 （1） 植物必需矿质元素的生理作用； （2） 矿质元素的吸收途径。 四、教学方法 采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。 五、教学用具 多媒体硬件支持。 六、教学过程 Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min） 2.1 Essential Minerals of Plant（25 min） 2.1.1 Elements in plant body more than 60 2.1.2 Essential elements of plant
What is essential element? One whose absence prevents a plant from completing itslife cycle, Onethat has a clear and direct physiological role,if absent, there will beunique deficiencies or plant disordersHow to determine?Delete or addSoil cultureSand cultureSolution culture/Water culture/HydroponicsMacronutrients:C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、SiMicronutrientsFe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl、Ni、Na2.1.3Physiological Functions of Essential ElementsDiscuss physiological functions of each essential mineral elementSummary of essential nutrient functionsGroup 1: part of carbon compoundsN; SGroup2: important in energy storage or structural integrityP, Si, BGroup3: remain in ionic formK; Ca, Mg; Cl; Mn, NaGroup 4: involved in redox reactionsFe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo2.2 Absorption of Minerals by Plant Cell (15 min)2.2.1 Passive absorptionSimple DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionChannel protein, ion channelCarrier2.2.2 Active absorptionAgainst gradient, extra energy required.Carrier, transporter, porter, permease, penetrase, transport enzymeInorganic ion uptake theory2.2.3PinocytosisDrink/swallow; no selectivity2.3Absorption of Minerals byPlant (15min)2.3.1 Site7
7 What is essential element? One whose absence prevents a plant from completing its life cycle; One that has a clear and direct physiological role, if absent, there will be unique deficiencies or plant disorders. How to determine? Delete or add Soil culture Sand culture Solution culture/Water culture/Hydroponics Macronutrients: C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S 、Si Micronutrients: Fe、Mn、B、Cu、 Zn、 Mo、Cl 、Ni 、Na 2.1.3 Physiological Functions of Essential Elements Discuss physiological functions of each essential mineral element Summary of essential nutrient functions Group 1: part of carbon compounds N; S Group 2: important in energy storage or structural integrity P; Si; B Group 3: remain in ionic form K; Ca; Mg; Cl; Mn; Na Group 4: involved in redox reactions Fe; Zn; Cu; Ni; Mo 2.2 Absorption of Minerals by Plant Cell（15 min） 2.2.1 Passive absorption Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Channel protein, ion channel Carrier 2.2.2 Active absorption Against gradient, extra energy required. Carrier, transporter, porter, permease, penetrase, transport enzyme Inorganic ion uptake theory 2.2.3 Pinocytosis Drink/swallow; no selectivity 2.3 Absorption of Minerals by Plant（15 min） 2.3.1 Site
Root hair zoneFolia application?2.3.2 Processes by rootCation exchange on the surface of soil particles (from particles to soil solution)Ions are adsorbed on the surface of roots (from soil solution to root surface)From root surface to the parenchyma of xylem: symplast and apoplastFrom parenchyma to conducting cells of xylem (xylem loading)2.3.3Processes by leaf (folia nutrition)Processes by leaf (folia nutrition)Stomata? Cuticular layer: gaps2.3.4 Characteristics of mineral absorption by roots(Rate) different from water absorptionSelective absorptionPhysiologically acid saltPhysiologically alkaline saltPhysiologicallyalkalinesaltToxicity of single salt2.3.5Factors influencing mineral absorption by rootsTemperatureAir conditionsConcentration of solutions: amount of carrierspH of soil solutionsProteins in the cell: + orSolubility of ions: acid (P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn)alkalic (Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn)Activities of microorganism2.4Assimilationofmineralnutrients（15min)2.4.1Nitrate assimilation(Absorbed) NO3NO2→NH3Nitrate reductase: FAD, Cytb557, MoCoNitrite reductase: chloroplasts in leaves2.4.2 Ammonium assimilationReduced aminationTransaminationFormation of asparagine and glutamine2.4.3 Biological nitrogen fixation8
8 Root hair zone Folia application? 2.3.2 Processes by root Cation exchange on the surface of soil particles (from particles to soil solution) Ions are adsorbed on the surface of roots (from soil solution to root surface) From root surface to the parenchyma of xylem: symplast and apoplast From parenchyma to conducting cells of xylem (xylem loading) 2.3.3 Processes by leaf (folia nutrition) Processes by leaf (folia nutrition) Stomata？Cuticular layer: gaps 2.3.4 Characteristics of mineral absorption by roots (Rate) different from water absorption Selective absorption Physiologically acid salt Physiologically alkaline salt Physiologically alkaline salt Toxicity of single salt 2.3.5 Factors influencing mineral absorption by roots Temperature Air conditions Concentration of solutions: amount of carriers pH of soil solutions Proteins in the cell: + or – Solubility of ions: acid (P, K, Ca, Mg; Al, Fe, Mn) alkalic (Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) Activities of microorganism 2.4 Assimilation of mineral nutrients（15 min） 2.4.1 Nitrate assimilation (Absorbed) NO3→NO2→NH3 Nitrate reductase: FAD, Cytb557, MoCo Nitrite reductase: chloroplasts in leaves 2.4.2 Ammonium assimilation Reduced amination Transamination Formation of asparagine and glutamine 2.4.3 Biological nitrogen fixation
2.4.4 Sulfur assimilationSulfate activationSulfate reduction2.4.5Phosphate assimilation2.5 Mineral transportation in plant body (20 min)2.5.1 Transportation form2.5.2 Transportation pathwaysSurgical +Radioactive isotopeFrom root upward:xylem; xylemphloemFromleafupward:phloem; phloem →xylem then upwarddownward:phloem2.5.3Transportationrate2.5.4 Distribution of minerals in plant bodyMetabolic active parts: mobile elementsOlder parts: immobile elements2.6 Physiological basis of fertilizing (20 min)2.6.1 Mineral requirement of cropsDifferent cropsDifferent growth periods of one crop2.6.2 Indexes of fertilizingMorphological indexesPhysiological indexesSummary of the contents of this chapter (5 min)9
9 2.4.4 Sulfur assimilation Sulfate activation Sulfate reduction 2.4.5 Phosphate assimilation 2.5 Mineral transportation in plant body（20 min） 2.5.1 Transportation form 2.5.2 Transportation pathways Surgical + Radioactive isotope From root upward: xylem; xylem→phloem From leaf upward: phloem ; phloem → xylem then upward downward: phloem 2.5.3 Transportation rate 2.5.4 Distribution of minerals in plant body Metabolic active parts: mobile elements Older parts: immobile elements 2.6 Physiological basis of fertilizing（20 min） 2.6.1 Mineral requirement of crops Different crops Different growth periods of one crop 2.6.2 Indexes of fertilizing Morphological indexes Physiological indexes Summary of the contents of this chapter（5 min）
Chapter 33Photosynthesis教学章节：光合作用的重要性、叶绿体及叶绿体色素、光合作用的机理、影响光合作用的因素、植物对光能的利用计划学时：4h一、教学目的通过本章的学习使学生掌握光合作用的意义、过程（机理）、环境条件对光合作用的影响及光合作用的器官和光合色素等。二、教学重点（1）光合作用的机理(2）量影响光合作用的外界因素三、教学难点光合作用的机理四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introductionofmaincontents ofthis chapter (5min)3.1 The discovery of photosynthesis (5 min)1771,Joseph Priestly:Sprigofmint/candle,“oxygen"1779, Jan Ingenhousz: Light1782.J.Senebier: CO2and021804, N. T. de Saussure: H2O and [C02]=[O2]1864, J. Sachs: CH20 (Starch grain/light)3.2Theimportanceofphotosynthesis(10min)Green factory to produce organic compoundsEnergy transformationSourceofoxygen3.3Chloroplastandchloroplast pigments (30min)3.3.1 Site of photosynthesis3.3.2StructureandchemicalcomponentsofchloroplastMorphology: flat and ellipsoidMovement of chloroplastStructure: 2D10
10 Chapter 3 Photosynthesis 教学章节：光合作用的重要性、叶绿体及叶绿体色素、光合作用的机理、影响光合作用的因素、植物对光 能的利用 计划学时：4 h 一、教学目的 通过本章的学习使学生掌握光合作用的意义、过程（机理）、环境条件对光合作用的影响及光合 作用的器官和光合色素等。 二、教学重点 （1） 光合作用的机理 （2） 影响光合作用的外界因素 三、教学难点 光合作用的机理 四、教学方法 采用以多媒体教学法为主。 五、教学用具 多媒体硬件支持。 六、教学过程 Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min） 3.1 The discovery of photosynthesis（5 min） 1771, Joseph Priestly: Sprig of mint/candle, “oxygen” 1779, Jan Ingenhousz: Light 1782, J. Senebier：CO2 and O2 1804, N. T. de Saussure: H2O and [CO2]=[O2] 1864, J. Sachs: CH2O (Starch grain/light) 3.2 The importance of photosynthesis（10 min） Green factory to produce organic compounds Energy transformation Source of oxygen 3.3 Chloroplast and chloroplast pigments（30 min） 3.3.1 Site of photosynthesis 3.3.2 Structure and chemical components of chloroplast Morphology: flat and ellipsoid Movement of chloroplast Structure: 2D