ceThis book is on urban economics, the discipline that lies at the intersection ofgeography and economics.Urban economics explores the location decisions of util-ity-maximizing households and profit-maximizing firms, and it shows how thesedecisionscausetheformationofcities of differentsizeand shape.PartIofthebookexplains why cities exist and what causes them to grow or shrink.Part II examinesthe market forces that shape cities and the role of government in determining land-use patterns.Part III looks at the urban transportation system,exploring the pricingand design of public transit systems and the externalities associated with automo-bileuse(congestion,environmental damage,collisions).PartIV explorestheeco-nomicsofurban education and crime,twofactors thatplaykey rolesinhouseholdlocation decisions.Part V explains the unique features of the housing market andexamines the effects of government housing policies.The final part of the bookexplains therationalefor ourfragmented system of local governmentand exploresthe responses of local governments to intergovernmental grants and the responsesoftaxpayerstolocaltaxes.The text is designed for use in undergraduate courses in urban economics andurban affairs,It could also be used for graduate courses in urban planning,publicpolicy,and public administration.All of the economic concepts used in the bookare covered in the typical intermediate microeconomics course, so students whohave completed such a course will be able to move through the book at a rapidpace.For students whose exposure to microeconomics is limited to an introductorycourse-orwho.couldbenefit from a review ofthe concepts covered in an inter-mediate microeconomics course-I have provided an appendix("Tools of Micro-cconomics)thatcoversthekeyconcepts.CHANGESFORTHEEIGHTHEDITIONThe eighth edition improves on the previous edition in two ways. First, I'verewrittenChapter11(UrbanTransit)to incorporatethemostrecentdevelopmentsin economictheory,empirical results,andpractical experiencewithtransit sys-tems. Included in the revised chapter is a thorough analysis of the rationale for tran-sit subsidies and a discussion of the size of the socially efficient subsidy.In addi-tion,the chapter has a full accounting of therelative costs of light rail versus buses.Thesecondimprovementisanewchapteroneducation(Chapter12).Thischapteruses theeducationproductionfunctionasaframeworktoexploretheeco-nomicsof K-12 education,Thechapter identifies thekey inputsto theproduc-tion process-teachers,the home environment,and classroom peers.One of theinsightsfromtheproductionfunctionisthatteacherproductivityvariessignificant-lyacrossteachers.For example,if wereplacean averageteacher withan above-average teacher for one year,the benefit is roughly $210,000. At the other end oftheproductivityscale,if weweretoreplacethebottom8percentofteacherswithaverageteachers,aggregate earnings inthe national economy would increasebyroughly $112 trillion.The education chapter also looks at spending inequalities
iiPrefaceacross schools and evaluates the effects of intergovernmental grants on spendingandachievementinequalities.WEBSITETheWebsiteforthebook(www.mhhe.com/osullivan8e)hasthefollowingresources..Colorversionsof themaps inthebook.Mapsforothercities.Foreachchapter.PowerPoint presentations,which include all the figures and tables from thetext.LecturenotesA chapter,"The Core-Periphery Model of Regional Development," that presentssomekeyideasfromeconomicgeographyA list of corrections.The author has a typo-bounty program that pays s5 to thefirstpersontoidentifyaparticularerror.TheinstructorsversionoftheWeb site alsohasmodel answerstothe exercises inthe book
目录前言第1章导言和城市经济学公理第1篇城市发展的市场推动力13第2章城市为什么会存在？14第3章为什么会出现企业集群？40第4章城市规模..63第5章城市增长83第2篇土地租金与土地利用模式113第6章城市土地租金114第7章土地利用模式145-第8章邻里选择182第9章分区与增长控制208第3篇城市交通231第10章汽车与公路232第11章城市运输262第4篇教育与城市犯罪285第12章教育286第13章犯罪305第5篇住宅329第14章为什么住宅具有差异性？330第15章住宅政策348地方政府第6篇369370第16章地方政府的职能第17章地方政府收入388附录微观经济学工具410
ContentsPrefaceiChapter1IntroductionandAxiomsofUrbanEconomicsWhat Is Urban Economics?1What Is a City?23Why Do Cities Exist?6TheFiveAxiomsofUrbanEconomicsWhat's Next?1010References and Additional Reading11Appendix Census Definitions11UrbanPopulation11Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas12Principal CityPARTI13MARKETFORCESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITIES14Chapter2WhyDoCitiesExist?14ARegionwithoutCities--BackyardProduction15ATrading City17Trading Cities in Urban History18AFactory City21TheIndustrial RevolutionandFactoryCities23ASystemofFactory Cities24Resources-Oriented FirmsandProcessing Cities26Innovation Cities28Summary
iiContents29ApplyingtheConcepts32References and AdditionalReading33Appendix LocationDecisions of Transfer-Oriented Firms33Resource-Oriented Firms35Market-OrientedFirms36The Principle of Median Location37Transshipment Points and Port Cities40Chapter3WhyDoFirms Cluster?41Sharing Intermediate Inputs44Self-ReinforcingEffectsCauseIndustryClusters47Sharing a Labor Pool50Labor Matching52Knowledge Spillovers53Evidenceof Localization Economies53Urbanization Economies56OtherBenefits of Urban Size57Summary58Applying the Concepts60References and Additional Reading63Chapter4 CitySize63Utility and City Size66ASystem of Cities68SpecializedandDiverseCities70DifferencesinCitySize73The Size Distribution of Cities75Summary76ApplyingtheConcepts78References and Additional Reading79Appendix Central PlaceTheory82References83Chapter5 Urban Growth83EconomicGrowth:IncreaseinPer-Capita Income84City-SpecificInnovation and Income