SCMC Cardiovascular Parameters Parameters are much different for the infant than for the adult Heart rate: higher e Decreasing to adult levels at 5 years old Cardiac output: higher Especially when calculated according to body weight it parallels O2 consumption Cardiac index: constant Because of the infants high ratio of surface area to body weight O2 consumption: depends heavily on temperature There is a 10-13% increase in O2 consumption for each degree rise in core temperature
Cardiovascular Parameters ⚫ Parameters are much different for the infant than for the adult – Heart rate: higher ⚫ Decreasing to adult levels at ~5 years old – Cardiac output: higher ⚫ Especially when calculated according to body weight & it parallels O2 consumption – Cardiac index: constant ⚫ Because of the infants high ratio of surface area to body weight – O2 consumption: depends heavily on temperature ⚫ There is a 10-13% increase in O2 consumption for each degree rise in core temperature
SCMC Circulation Variables in Infants The Relationship of Age to Blood pres Normal Blood Pressure (mm Hg) Age Mean Systolic Vean iastolic O-1之 hours( preterm) O-12 hours (full-term) days 6 weeks year O5 Normal range of systolic pressure=[(age*2)+80]*0.133kPat 267kPa Hypertension Hypotension <100-10.7kPa(75-80mmHg Diastolic Pressure= 2/3 systolic pressure
Circulation Variables in Infants Normal range of systolic pressure=[(age*2）+80]*0.133kPa± 2.67kPa Hypertension Hypotension <10.0-10.7kPa (75-80mmHg) Diastolic Pressure= 2/3 systolic pressure
SCMC Diagnostic Tools o History and physical examination o Chest X ray /EKG/ Blood study o Echocardiography/ Other imaging tools e Catheterization/ Other invasive tools
Diagnostic Tools ⚫ History and physical examination ⚫ Chest X ray / EKG / Blood study ⚫ Echocardiography/ Other imaging tools ⚫ Catheterization/ Other invasive tools
SCMC Accuracy of Tools History/PE important, rarely specific X-ray/EKG: not-confirmative ● Echocardiography:: confirmative. but non-invasive e Cardiac catheterization confirmative. but invasive
Accuracy of Tools ⚫ History/PE : important, rarely specific ⚫ X-ray/EKG : not-confirmative ⚫ Echocardiography: confirmative, but non-invasive ⚫ Cardiac catheterization : confirmative, but invasive
SCMC Evaluation of Chd by History Taking Family history of defects /early cardiac disease/ siblings with defects Maternal history of stillborns or abortion Congenital anomalies genetic anomalies fetal alcohol syndrome/ Downs Syndrome and Turner Syndrome Maternal exposure to rubella growth and Development Signs and Symptoms Infants vs Children/Adolescents
Evaluation of CHD by History Taking ⚫ Family history of defects / early cardiac disease / siblings with defects ⚫ Maternal history of stillborns or abortion ⚫ Congenital anomalies / genetic anomalies / fetal alcohol syndrome / Downs Syndrome and Turner Syndrome ⚫ Maternal exposure to rubella Growth and Development ⚫ Signs and Symptoms – Infants vs. Children/Adolescents