Real Commodity Prices 200 Food 180 …… Non-energy 160 Energy 140 ll120 00 A入 80 60 40 20 19601965197019751980198519901995200020052010 Year Fig.8 World Bank index of real commodity prices, 1960 to 2010. Data are from World Bank(2011)
Real Commodity Prices
Percentage in Poverty by Region 100 Total 一 East asia& Pacific …… Latin america& c Caribbean ▲- South asia 570 .-Sub-Saharan Africa 三:二 =·▲= 20 10 198119841987199019931996199920022005 Ye ear Fig 9 World Bank estimates of percentage in poverty for all low-and middle-income countries and by region, poverty line per capita household consumption less than $1. 25 per day, 2005 U S dollars. Data are from Chen and Ravallion(2010)
Percentage in Poverty by Region
Demographic dividend results from interaction between。。 Population age structure changes at the aggregate level k Lifecycle variation in consumption and production at the individual level (Bloom and Williamson 1998 Mason 2001)
Population age structure changes at the aggregate level. Lifecycle variation in consumption and production at the individual level. 8 Demographic dividend results from interaction between… (Bloom and Williamson 1998, Mason 2001)
Population and economy The role of population growth in economic growth, debates From size to structure Unique opportunities Fertility decline and age structure change(support ratio) Labor force increase Savings(longevity) What is the demographic dividend?
• The role of population growth in economic growth, debates • From size to structure • Unique opportunities – Fertility decline and age structure change (support ratio) – Labor force increase – Savings (longevity) – What is the demographic dividend? Population and economy
ifecycle variation in consumption and production: Urban China, 2000 3.5000 3.0000 2.5000 H Consumers 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 0.5000 0.0000+· 89从心个今学9如即分分外小的8 Notes: Profiles normalized to total to one hundred. source china National Bureau of statistics 2000
10 Lifecycle variation in consumption and production: Urban China, 2000