How? Detect the gamma-rays ( prompt and delayed)-with gas detector, scintillators semiconductors Bin number of counts at each energy Channel An example of gamma ray spectrum from the activation of a human nail
How? • Detect the gamma-rays(prompt and delayed) - with gas detector, scintillators, semiconductors • Bin number of counts at each energy An example of gamma-ray spectrum from the activation of a human nail
Neutron sources A nuclear reactor a source that emits neutrons by fission ( e.g Californium) Alpha Source(like Radium) with Beryllium ·D- T fusion in a gas n source discharge tube Flament Magnet Target
Neutron sources • A nuclear reactor • A source that emits neutrons by fission (e.g. Californium) • Alpha Source (like Radium) with Beryllium • D-T fusion in a gas discharge tube
Applications Determine the chemical composition of a sample Lunar samples, artifacts, forensics Can identify up to 74 different elements in gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures Can also determine the concentration of the elements of interest
Applications • Determine the chemical composition of a sample • Lunar samples, artifacts, forensics • Can identify up to 74 different elements in gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures • Can also determine the concentration of the elements of interest:
Advantages Small sample sizes( 1mL or. 001gm) Non-destructive Can analyze multiple element samples Doesn 't need chemical treatment h sensitivity, gl gh precision
Advantages • Small sample sizes (.1mL or .001gm) • Non-destructive • Can analyze multiple element samples • Doesn’t need chemical treatment • High sensitivity, high precision
Sensitivit Elements (picograms) DY, Eu 1-10 In lu. mn 10-100 Au, Ho Ir re, sm w 100-1000 Ag, Ar, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Er, Ga, Hf, I La, Sb, Sc, Se, Ta, tb, th Tm U,v, yb 1000-10 Al, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Hg Kr Gd, Ge, Mo, Na, Nd. ni, os, pd. rb. rh Ru. sr. te. Zn Zr 104-10 Bi, Ca, K, mg p pt, Si, Sn, Ti, tl, Xe , y 105-10 Fe, nb Ne 10 Pb, s
Sensitivity (picograms) Elements 1 Dy, Eu 1–10 In, Lu, Mn 10–100 Au, Ho, Ir, Re, Sm, W 100–1000 Ag, Ar, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Er, Ga, Hf, I, La, Sb, Sc, Se, Ta, Tb, Th, Tm, U, V, Yb 1000–104 Al, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Hg, Kr, Gd, Ge, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Os, Pd, Rb, Rh, Ru, Sr, Te, Zn, Zr 104–105 Bi, Ca, K, Mg, P, Pt, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, Xe, Y 105–106 F, Fe, Nb, Ne 107 Pb, S