Normal Microbiota Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract sterile Lactobacilli predominant in the vagina >1,000 bacteria/ml or 100 coliforms/ml of urine indicates infection
• Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract sterile • Lactobacilli predominant in the vagina • >1,000 bacteria/ml or 100 coliforms/ml of urine indicates infection Normal Microbiota
Cystitis ·Usually caused by 。E.coli ·S.saprophyticus 。May also be caused by ·Proteus 。Klebsiella ·Enterococcus ·Pseudomonas E.coli usually causes pyelonephritis Antibiotic-sensitivity tests may be required before treatment
• Usually caused by • E. coli • S. saprophyticus • May also be caused by • Proteus • Klebsiella • Enterococcus • Pseudomonas • E. coli usually causes pyelonephritis • Antibiotic-sensitivity tests may be required before treatment Cystitis
Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans ·Reservoir:Dogs and rats 。Transmitted by skin/mucosal contact from urine- contaminated water 。 Diagnosis:Isolating bacteria or serological tests Figure 26.4
Leptospirosis Figure 26.4 • Leptospira interrogans • Reservoir: Dogs and rats • Transmitted by skin/mucosal contact from urinecontaminated water • Diagnosis: Isolating bacteria or serological tests
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs ·Prevented by condoms Treated with antibiotics
• Prevented by condoms • Treated with antibiotics Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs )
Gonorrhea 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1942194719521957196219671972197719821987199219972002 Year (a)Incidence of gonorrhea in the United States from 1942 to 2002 Figure 26.5a
Gonorrhea Figure 26.5a