Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology
Vaccine History Variolation:Inoculation of smallpox into skin(18th century) Vaccination:Inoculation of cowpox into skin Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease
Vaccine History • Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century) • Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin • Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans 。DtaP Diphtheria:Purified diphtheria toxoid Pertussis:Acellular fragments of B.pertussis Tetanus:Purified tetanus toxoid Meningococcal meningitis:Purified polysaccharide from N.meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine:S.pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein
• DtaP • Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid • Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis • Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid • Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis • Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans Smallpox:Live vaccinia virus Poliomyelitis:Inactivated virus Rabies:Inactivated virus Hepatitis A:Inactivated virus Influenza:Inactivated or attenuated virus Measles:Attenuated virus Mumps:Attenuated virus Rubella:Attenuated virus Chickenpox:Attenuated virus Hepatitis B:Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)
• Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus • Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus • Rabies: Inactivated virus • Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus • Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus • Measles: Attenuated virus • Mumps: Attenuated virus • Rubella: Attenuated virus • Chickenpox: Attenuated virus • Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine) Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans
Precipitation Reactions Antigens (soluble)】 ·Involve soluble Zone of equivalence: antigens with visible precipitate antibodies Antibodies (a) Figure 18.3
Precipitation Reactions • Involve soluble antigens with antibodies Figure 18.3