Administration reduced welfare expenditures and suggested turning responsibility for welfarefunding over to the states. The cuts in federal funding that took effect during the ReaganAdministration did infact effectively place the responsibility for maintaining funding levels on thestates-and, in some cases, on the larger cities.The result has been a widening of thealreadyexisting disparities in social services spending between states, and between cities and regionswithin a state.An example of the state welfare system can be seen at http:/www.state.tn.us underthe Health and Social Programs section.Social welfare is an integrated part of a country's social policy.For an introduction on thistopic, check out the website at http://www2.rguac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/.The websiteoffers definitions of such concepts as welfare and welfare state and discussions on welfaresystemsof other countries (in addition to the U.S.).B.While-readingActivity1 Ask students some sign post questions to each paragraph to see how well the studentsunderstand each paragraph and train Ss skimming ability. (Some of the questions are on P.66Comprehensionofthetext)2 Language Points:Awelfareclient is supposed to cheat. (Para.1)Meaning: People believe that a welfare client cheats /is cheatingbe supposed to:1) be generally believed or expected to be or doI haven't seen it myself, but it's supposed to be a great movie.我还没有看过这部影片，但据说它挺不错的。She's supposed to have had fivehundred pairs of shoes.据说她有500双鞋。2) be expected or required to do or be sth.according to a rule, a custom, an arrangement,etc.You're supposed to buy a ticket, though not many people do.尽管没有多少人买票，但你应该买。You'resupposedtoasktheteacherifyouwanttoleavetheroom如果你要离开教室，得跟老师说。Faced with sharing a dinner of raw pet food with the cat, many people in wheelchairs I knowbleed the system for a few extra dollars. (Para.1)Meaning: In the face of sharing uncooked pet food with the cat, many of my wheel-chairedacquaintances haveto lieabout their circumstances, thusgettinga little extra money from welfaregivers.face with:meet (sth.bad or difficult)Facedwiththeevidence,hehadtoconfess.面对证据，他不得不坦白。..-bleed the system for a few extra dollars...(Para.)Meaning:forcethesystemtopayafew extradollarsI haveopted to livealifeofcompletehonesty.Soinstead,I goout anddrumup somebusiness anddraw cartoons. (Para.2)11
11 Administration reduced welfare expenditures and suggested turning responsibility for welfare funding over to the states. The cuts in federal funding that took effect during the Reagan Administration did in fact effectively place the responsibility for maintaining funding levels on the states — and, in some cases, on the larger cities. The result has been a widening of the already existing disparities in social services spending between states, and between cities and regions within a state. An example of the state welfare system can be seen at http://www.state.tn.us under the Health and Social Programs section. Social welfare is an integrated part of a country's social policy. For an introduction on this topic, check out the website at http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/. The website offers definitions of such concepts as welfare and welfare state and discussions on welfare systems of other countries (in addition to the U.S.). B. While-reading Activity 1 Ask students some sign post questions to each paragraph to see how well the students understand each paragraph and train Ss skimming ability. (Some of the questions are on P.66 Comprehension of the text) 2 Language Points: A welfare client is supposed to cheat. (Para.1) Meaning: People believe that a welfare client cheats / is cheating. be supposed to: 1) be generally believed or expected to be or do I haven't seen it myself, but it's supposed to be a great movie. 我还没有看过这部影片，但据说它挺不错的。 She's supposed to have had five hundred pairs of shoes. 据说她有 500 双鞋。 2) be expected or required to do or be sth. according to a rule, a custom, an arrangement, etc. You're supposed to buy a ticket, though not many people do. 尽管没有多少人买票，但你应该买。 You're supposed to ask the teacher if you want to leave the room. 如果你要离开教室，得跟老师说。 Faced with sharing a dinner of raw pet food with the cat, many people in wheelchairs I know bleed the system for a few extra dollars. (Para.1) Meaning: In the face of sharing uncooked pet food with the cat, many of my wheel-chaired acquaintances have to lie about their circumstances, thus getting a little extra money from welfare givers. face with：meet (sth. bad or difficult) Faced with the evidence, he had to confess. 面对证据，他不得不坦白。 .bleed the system for a few extra dollars.(Para.1) Meaning: force the system to pay a few extra dollars I have opted to live a life of complete honesty. So instead, I go out and drum up some business and draw cartoons. (Para. 2)
Meaning:I have chosen to live a completely honest life. So I don't lie to get some extra welfaremoney, but I go out and try hard to get some business and draw cartoons.opt todo sth.:choose to do sth.; decide to do sth.in preferenceto anything elseWhen he left school, he opted to go to college and study for a degree, rather than getting a jobstraightaway，毕业后他选择上大学读学位，而不是直接工作。.*.drum up some business...(Para.2)drum up: try hard to get support, customers, business, ete.He had flown to the north ofthe country todrum up supportfor the campaign.他飞到该国北方去为竞选争取支持。Thedepartmentstoreisofferingbigdiscountstodrumupbusiness.这家百货商店正提供很大的折扣来招揽生意。Oh, I'm tempted to get paid under the table. (Para. 2)Meaning:Ifeel a desire to make money secretly/to be paid without beingknown toothers.under the table: in a secret wayTheywerechargedwithtakingmoneyunderthetable.他们被指控私下拿钱。Capitalswillbethemajorconsiderationundertable.资金将是需私下考虑的主要内容。Note: This expression is used mainly in American English; the usual British expression is "underthe counter".But even if I yielded to that temptation, big magazines are not going to get involved in somesticky situation. (Para.2)Meaning: But even if I couldn't resist / gave in to that temptation and wanted to be paid withoutbeing known to caseworkers, big magazines I am working for won't agree to get themselves intotroubleby telling lies for my sake.yield to:1) stop resisting (sth.)Iyieldedtoanimpulse.我听凭一时的冲动行事了。Thegovernmentrefusedtoyieldtothehostagetakersdemand.政府拒绝答应人质持者的要求。2) (formal)bereplaced bysth.Old-fashionedmethodsyieldedtonewtechnology.老式的方法已被新技术所取代。Radiohaslongbeenunderpressuretoyieldtotelevision收音机长期处于被电视机取代的压力之中。Very high-profile. (Para.2)Meaning: The big magazines appear to be open and above-board as they honestly report to thewelfare caseworkers theamount of moneyImake.Please notethe sarcastic tone of thewriter.When we refer to somebody as a high-profile person or something as a high-profile event, wemean they attract a lot of attention or publicityDeep down, caseworkersknowthatthey arebeingmadefools of bymany oftheir clients, and12
12 Meaning: I have chosen to live a completely honest life. So I don't lie to get some extra welfare money, but I go out and try hard to get some business and draw cartoons. opt to do sth.: choose to do sth.; decide to do sth. in preference to anything else When he left school, he opted to go to college and study for a degree, rather than getting a job straight away. 毕业后他选择上大学读学位，而不是直接工作。 .drum up some business . (Para.2) drum up: try hard to get support, customers, business, etc. He had flown to the north of the country to drum up support for the campaign. 他飞到 该国北方去为竞选争取支持。 The department store is offering big discounts to drum up business. 这家百货商店正提供很大的 折扣来招揽生意。 Oh, I'm tempted to get paid under the table. (Para. 2) Meaning: I feel a desire to make money secretly /to be paid without being known to others. under the table: in a secret way They were charged with taking money under the table. 他们被指控私下拿钱。 Capitals will be the major consideration under table.资金将是需私下考虑的主要内容。 Note: This expression is used mainly in American English; the usual British expression is "under the counter". But even if I yielded to that temptation, big magazines are not going to get involved in some sticky situation. (Para.2) Meaning: But even if I couldn't resist / gave in to that temptation and wanted to be paid without being known to caseworkers, big magazines I am working for won't agree to get themselves into trouble by telling lies for my sake. yield to: 1) stop resisting (sth.) I yielded to an impulse. 我听凭一时的冲动行事了。 The government refused to yield to the hostage takers' demand. 政府拒绝答应人质挟持者的要 求。 2) (formal) be replaced by sth. Old-fashioned methods yielded to new technology. 老式的方法已被新技术所取代。 Radio has long been under pressure to yield to television. 收音机长期处于被电视机 取代的压力之中。 Very high-profile. (Para.2) Meaning: The big magazines appear to be open and above-board as they honestly report to the welfare caseworkers the amount of money I make. Please note the sarcastic tone of the writer. When we refer to somebody as a high-profile person or something as a high-profile event, we mean they attract a lot of attention or publicity Deep down, caseworkers know that they are being made fools of by many of their clients, and
they feel they are entitled to have clients bow to them as compensation. (Para.3)Meaning: In their true feelings, caseworkers know that their clients are fooling them for extramoney, and, in return, they feel they have the right to get these welfare beneficiaries to behavehumbly.deep down: in sb.'s true feeling; in fact rather than by appear under the tableDeepdown（insideyou),Iknowyoulovemereally.在你心底里，我知道你是真心爱我的。Heknew,deepdown,thathewouldhavetoadmithisguilt.他心里明白他将不得不认罪。... they are being made fools of by many of their clients ... (Para. 3)make a fool of sb.: trick sb. into behaving foolishlyHed been made a fool of.他被人骗了。Yourbrotherismakingafoolofyou.你兄弟在愚弄你。Compare:make a fool of oneself: behave in a way that makes other people think that one issilly orlacking in good judgmentHewasdrinkingandmakingafoolofhimself.他喝酒时，出尽了洋相。...feel they are entitled to have clients ... (Para.3)be entitled to: have the right to have or do sth.Youwillbeentitledtoyourpensionwhenyoureach65.你到65岁时，可以享受养老金。Everyone'sentitledtohisorherownopinion。每个人都有权发表自己的意见。She read a poem entitled "The Apple Tree".她读了一首名为《苹果树》的诗歌。I'm not being bitter. (Para. 3)Meaning: I am not feeling angry deliberately / on purpose.The structure"be being+ adjective/noun"is used to talk about action and behaviorYou're being stupid. (= You're doing stupid things.)I was being very careful. (-I was doing something very carefully.)We do not use this structure to talk about feelings.Forexample:I'm happy just now. (Not I'm being happy just now.)I wasverydepressed whenyouphoned.(NotI wasbeingdepressed...)... a detective in shorts. (Para. 3)shorts: n. trousers that end above theknees or reach theknees, which is oftenworn by children or by adults in hot weather, and when relaxing or playing sportstennisshorts网球短裤Sheputonapairofshorts andaT-shirt.她穿上运动短裤和T恤衫。.saw some newposterspasted on thewall. (Para.4)see sth.doneCompare:13
13 they feel they are entitled to have clients bow to them as compensation. (Para.3) Meaning: In their true feelings, caseworkers know that their clients are fooling them for extra money, and, in return, they feel they have the right to get these welfare beneficiaries to behave humbly. deep down: in sb.'s true feeling; in fact rather than by appear under the table Deep down (inside you), I know you love me really. 在你心底里，我知道你是真心爱我的。 He knew, deep down, that he would have to admit his guilt. 他心里明白他将不得不认罪。 . they are being made fools of by many of their clients . (Para. 3) make a fool of sb.: trick sb. into behaving foolishly He'd been made a fool of. 他被人骗了。 Your brother is making a fool of you. 你兄弟在愚弄你。 Compare: make a fool of oneself: behave in a way that makes other people think that one is silly or lacking in good judgment He was drinking and making a fool of himself. 他喝酒时，出尽了洋相。 .feel they are entitled to have clients . (Para.3) be entitled to: have the right to have or do sth. You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. 你到 65 岁时，可以享受养 老金。 Everyone's entitled to his or her own opinion. 每个人都有权发表自己的意见。 She read a poem entitled "The Apple Tree". 她读了一首名为《苹果树》的诗歌。 I'm not being bitter. (Para. 3) Meaning: I am not feeling angry deliberately / on purpose. The structure “be being + adjective / noun” is used to talk about action and behavior. You're being stupid. (= You're doing stupid things.) I was being very careful. (= I was doing something very carefully.) We do not use this structure to talk about feelings. For example： I'm happy just now. (Not I'm being happy just now.) I was very depressed when you phoned. (Not I was being depressed.) . a detective in shorts. (Para. 3) shorts: n. trousers that end above the knees or reach the knees, which is often worn by children or by adults in hot weather, and when relaxing or playing sports tennis shorts 网球短裤 She put on a pair of shorts and a T-shirt.她穿上运动短裤和 T 恤衫。 .saw some new posters pasted on the wall. (Para.4) see sth. done Compare:
see sb. do(doing) sth.This was my cue to beg. (Para.7)Meaning: This remark was a signal made by Suzanne for me to ask for forgiveness..-I talked back. (Para.7)talk back: answer sb.rudely, esp. sb. in authorityDon'ttalkback.It'srude.别顶嘴，不礼貌。Childrenwho talkback areregarded as cheekyanddisrespectful.顶嘴的孩子被认为是又厚脸皮又不懂礼貌。Suzanne tries to lectureme about repairs...(Para.9)lecture:V.criticize sb. or tell them how one thinks they should behave, esp. when it isdonein an annoying wayDon't startlecturingme!别开始教训我！He'salwayslecturingmeaboutthewayIdress.他老说我穿着不得体。n. a long angry talk that sb. gives to one person or a group of people when theyhave done sth.wrongI knowI should stop smokingg一don'tgivemealectureaboutit我知道我应该戒烟一一别跟我长篇大论。..which is always breaking down...(Para.9)break down: (of a machine or vehicle)stop working because of a faultThetelephonesystemhasbrokendown电话线路出故障了。The car brokedown on the way to the airport,and Ihad to get a taxi.轿车在去飞机场的途中抛锚了，我只好叫了一辆出租车。.*.I've heard that you put a lot more miles on that wheelchair than average. (Para.9)Meaning: I've heard that you use your wheelchair more often than the average clientsdo.No wonder that's why your wheelchair is always breaking down.I'man active worker,not a vegetable. (Para.10)vegetable: n.1) (figurative) a person who is physically alive but not capable of much mental or physicalactivity, for example because of an accident or illness (This usage can be offensive.)Severebraindamageturnedhimintoavegetable.严重的大脑损伤使他变成了植物人。2)a person who has a boring lifeSince losingmyjobI'vefelt likeavegetable.丢了工作后，我觉得人都变呆了。..so I can get around in a wheelchair. (Para.10)get around: (BrE also get about) move from place to place or from person to personShegetsaroundwiththehelpofastick.她挂着拐杖，四处走动。14
14 see sb. do(doing) sth. This was my cue to beg. (Para.7) Meaning: This remark was a signal made by Suzanne for me to ask for forgiveness. .I talked back. (Para.7) talk back: answer sb. rudely, esp. sb. in authority Don't talk back. It's rude. 别顶嘴，不礼貌。 Children who talk back are regarded as cheeky and disrespectful. 顶嘴的孩子被认为 是又厚脸皮又不懂礼貌。 Suzanne tries to lecture me about repairs.(Para.9) lecture: v. criticize sb. or tell them how one thinks they should behave, esp. when it is done in an annoying way Don't start lecturing me! 别开始教训我！ He's always lecturing me about the way I dress. 他老说我穿着不得体。 n. a long angry talk that sb. gives to one person or a group of people when they have done sth. wrong I know I should stop smoking — don't give me a lecture about it. 我知道我应该戒 烟——别跟我长篇大论。 .which is always breaking down.(Para.9) break down: (of a machine or vehicle) stop working because of a fault The telephone system has broken down. 电话线路出故障了。 The car broke down on the way to the airport, and I had to get a taxi. 轿车在去飞机 场的途中抛锚了，我只好叫了一辆出租车。 . I've heard that you put a lot more miles on that wheelchair than average. (Para.9) Meaning: I've heard that you use your wheelchair more often than the average clients do. No wonder that's why your wheelchair is always breaking down. I'm an active worker, not a vegetable. (Para.10) vegetable: n. 1) (figurative) a person who is physically alive but not capable of much mental or physical activity, for example because of an accident or illness (This usage can be offensive.) Severe brain damage turned him into a vegetable. 严重的大脑损伤使他变成了植物人。 2) a person who has a boring life Since losing my job I've felt like a vegetable. 丢了工作后，我觉得人都变呆了。 .so I can get around in a wheelchair. (Para.10) get around: (BrE also get about) move from place to place or from person to person She gets around with the help of a stick. 她拄着拐杖，四处走动
Badnewsgetsaroundquickly.坏消息传播得很快。Government cuts in welfare have resulted in hunger and suffering...(Para. Il)result in: make sth. happenThecyclonehasresultedinmanythousandsofdeaths.这场龙卷风使几千人丧生。These policies resulted in many elderly and disabled people suffering hardship.这些政策导致许多老年人和残疾人生活艰难。She looked into every corner in search of unreported appliances, .. (Para.13)lookinto:examinePolicearelooking intothedisappearanceof twochildren.警察正在调查两名儿童失踪的事情。in searchof:lookingforMany of the refugees are traveling to the north of the region in search of food and shelter.许多难民正奔向该地区北部，寻找食物和底护所。but there was always a thick pile of forms to fill out at the end of each visit, accounting for everypenny. (Para.13)Meaning: ... but I had to fill out a lot of forms at the end ofeach visit, explaining howI spent themoneyI hadgotfromthewelfare system.fill out: (alsofillin) complete (a form, ete.) by writing informationThepolicemanfilledoutaparkingticket警察填好一张违章停车罚款单。account for: be or give a reason for (sth. or doing sth.)Heaccountedforthemissingitemsaslostbutfoundthemlater.他解释说那些不见了的东西丢失了，但后来又找到了。Ifind itverydifficulttoaccountforthefactthattwoofourbest studentsfailed theexam.我觉得很难解释为什么两名最好的学生考试不及格。***building up my market. (Para. 14)build up: create or developShe'sbuiltupaverysuccessfulbusiness.她建立起一家成功的企业。We'vebuiltupgoodrelationshipswithourclients.我们与客户建立了良好的关系。It'simpossibleto jumpoffwelfare...(Para.14)Meaning:It is notpossibletoshiftawayfromwelfareanddependononeself all ofasudden***nothavetogothroughanembarrassingsituation...(Para.14)go through: experience or sufferHewouldgothroughfireandwaterforhiscountry.为了国家他赴汤蹈火也在所不惜。Hehasalreadygonethroughmanysufferings.他已经受了许多苦难。There needs to be a lawyer whocan act asa championfortherights of welfareclients,because thesystem so easily lends itself to abuse by the welfare givers as well as by the clients. (Para. 15)Meaning: Welfare clients need a lawyer who can enthusiastically support, defend and fight for15
15 Bad news gets around quickly. 坏消息传播得很快。 Government cuts in welfare have resulted in hunger and suffering. (Para.11) result in: make sth. happen The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 这场龙卷风使几千人丧生。 These policies resulted in many elderly and disabled people suffering hardship. 这些 政策导致许多老年人和残疾人生活艰难。 She looked into every corner in search of unreported appliances, . (Para.13) look into: examine Police are looking into the disappearance of two children. 警察正在调查两名儿童失踪的事情。 in search of: looking for Many of the refugees are traveling to the north of the region in search of food and shelter. 许多难 民正奔向该地区北部，寻找食物和庇护所。 but there was always a thick pile of forms to fill out at the end of each visit, accounting for every penny. (Para.13) Meaning: . but I had to fill out a lot of forms at the end of each visit, explaining how I spent the money I had got from the welfare system. fill out: (also fill in) complete (a form, etc.) by writing information The policeman filled out a parking ticket. 警察填好一张违章停车罚款单。 account for: be or give a reason for (sth. or doing sth.) He accounted for the missing items as lost but found them later. 他解释说那些不见了的东西丢 失了，但后来又找到了。 I find it very difficult to account for the fact that two of our best students failed the exam. 我觉得 很难解释为什么两名最好的学生考试不及格。 .building up my market. (Para.14) build up: create or develop She's built up a very successful business. 她建立起一家成功的企业。 We've built up good relationships with our clients. 我们与客户建立了良好的关系。 It's impossible to jump off welfare. (Para. 14) Meaning: It is not possible to shift away from welfare and depend on oneself all of a sudden. .not have to go through an embarrassing situation. (Para.14) go through: experience or suffer He would go through fire and water for his country.为了国家他赴汤蹈火也在所不惜。 He has already gone through many sufferings. 他已经受了许多苦难。 There needs to be a lawyer who can act as a champion for the rights of welfare clients, because the system so easily lends itself to abuse by the welfare givers as well as by the clients. (Para.15) Meaning: Welfare clients need a lawyer who can enthusiastically support, defend and fight for