United Nations Convention on the law of the sea CONTENTS PREAMBLE e22 PARTL INTRODUCTION Article I Use of terms and scope PARTII TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 2 egal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea Article 4 Outer limit of the territorial sea 33333 Article 5. Normal baseline Article 6 Reefs rticle 7. Straight baselines rticle 8 rticle Mouths of rivers 444 Article 10. Bays Article 11. Ports Article 12. Roadsteads Article 13. Low-tide elevations Article 14 of methods for Article 15. Delimitation of the territorial sea between Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical coordi SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA SUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS Article 17. Right of innocent passage Article 18. Meaning of passage Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage Article 20 Submarines and other underwater vehicles Article 21. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to Article 22. Sea lanes and traffic territorial sea Article 23. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently
7 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea CONTENTS Page PREAMBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PART I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Article 1. Use of terms and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 PART II. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . 23 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Article 5. Normal baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Article 6. Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Article 7. Straight baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Article 8. Internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Article 9. Mouths of rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Article 10. Bays . . . . . . . . 24 Article 11. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Article 12. Roadsteads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Article 13. Low-tide elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Article 14. Combination of methods for determining baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Article 15. De l i mi t a t i o n o f t h e territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . . 26 SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . 26 SUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS . . . . . . . . . 26 Article 17. Right of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Article 18. Meaning of passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Article 20. Submarines and other underwater vehicles . . . . . . . 27 Article 21. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Article 22. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Article 23. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently
Article 24 Duties of the coastal state Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State 999 Article 26. Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships .. 29 SUBSECTION RULES APPLICABLE TO MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship.,. 30 Article 28. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES Article 29. Definition of warships Article 3 Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State Article 31. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by on-commercial Article 32. Immunities of warships other SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE Article 33 ous zone PART III STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 34. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation Article 35. Scope of this Part Article 36. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation SECTION 2. TRANSIT PASSAGE Article 37. Scope of this section rticle 38. Right of transit passage 2333 Article 39. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage. .33 Article 40. Research and survey activities Article 41. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits
8 dangerous or noxious substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Article 24. Duties of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . 29 Article 26. Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships . . 29 SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship . . . . . 30 Article 28. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships . . . . . . 30 SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 29. Definition of warships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 30. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 31. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 32. Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Article 33. Contiguous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 PART III. STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Article 34. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Article 35. Scope of this Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Article 36. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SECTION 2. TRANSIT PASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Article 37. Scope of this section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Article 38. Right of transit passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Article 39. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage . . 33 Article 40. Research and survey activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Article 41. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits
use international navigation Article 42. Laws and regulations of States bordering elating to transit passage Article 43 Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and and control of pollut Article 44. Duties of States bordering straits seCtiOn 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE Article 45. Innocent passage PARTIV ARCHIPELAGIC STATES Article 46 Use of term Article 47. Archipelagic baselines Article 48 measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone. the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf Article 49. Legal status of archipelagic ers, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil Article 50. Delimitation of internal waters Article 51. Existing agreements. existing submarine cables Article 52 Right of innocent passage Article 53. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage Article 54. Duties of ships and aircraft research and survey activities. duties of the chipelagic State and laws d regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes PART V EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE Article 5 Specific legal regime of the Article 56. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in Breadth of the exclusive economic zone
9 used for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Article 42. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Article 43. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Article 44. Duties of States bordering straits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Article 45. Innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 PART IV. ARCHIPELAGIC STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Article 46. Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Article 47. Archipelagic baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Article 48. Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Article 49. Legal status of archipelagic waters, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Article 50. Delimitation of internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Article 51. E x i s t i n g a g r e e me n t s , traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Article 52. Right of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Article 53. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage . . . . . . . . . . 38 Article 54. Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 PART V. EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Article 55. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Article 56. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Article 57. Breadth of the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . 40
rticle 58. Rights and duties of other economic zone Article 59. Basis for the resolution of jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone Article 60 Artificial islands installations and structures in the exclusive economic Article 61. Conservation of the living resources Article 62 Utilization of the living resources Article 63 Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to Article 64. Highly migratory species Article 65 Marine mammals rticle 66. Anadromous stocks Sedentary species rticle 67. Catadromous species 444556 rticle 68 Article 69. Right of land-locked States Article 70. Right of geographically disadvantaged States Article 71. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 Article 72. Restrictions on transfer of rights Article 73. Enforcement of laws and egulations of the coastal Article 74. Delimitation of the exclusive economIc zone between states oposite or adjacent coasts Article 75 Charts and lists of geographical coordinates PART VI CONTINENTAL SHELF Article 76. Definition of the continental shelf Article 77. Rights of the coastal State over the co al shelf. 51 rticle 78 ce and the rights and freedoms of other States Article 79. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental
10 Article 58. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Article 59. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Article 60. A r t i f i c i a l i s l a n d s , installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Article 61. Conservation of the living resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Article 62. Utilization of the living resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Article 63. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Article 64. Highly migratory species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Article 65. Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Article 66. Anadromous stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Article 67. Catadromous species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Article 68. Sedentary species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Article 69. Right of land-locked States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Article 70. Right of geographically disadvantaged States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Article 71. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 . . . . . . . . . . 48 Article 72. Restrictions on transfer of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Article 73. Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Article 74. D e l i mi t a t i o n o f th e exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Article 75. C h a r t s a n d l i s t s o f geographical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 PART VI. CONTINENTAL SHELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Article 76. Definition of the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Article 77. Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf. 51 Article 78. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Article 79. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Artificial islands on the continental shelf Article 81. Drilling on the continental shelf Article 82 ayments and contributions continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles Article 83. Delimitation of the continental shelf between Articl Charts and lists of geographical coordinates Artic Tunnelling PART VIL. HIGH SEAS SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 86. Application of the provisions of this Part Article 87. Freedom of the high seas Article 88 Reservation ofthe high seas Article 89. Invalidity of claims of ignty over the high Article 90 Article 91. Na Article 92. Status of ships 4444 Article 93. Ships flying the flag of the United Nations. its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Article 94. Duties of the flag State Article 95. Immunity of warships on the high seas Article 96 Immunity of ships used only on gove r n m e n t non-commercial service Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters of coll or any other cident of navigation Article 98. Duty to render assistance Article 99. Prohibition of the transport of slaves Article 100. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy article 101. Definition of piracy Article 102. Piracy by a warship ment sh government aircraft whose crew has mutinied Article 103. Definition of a pirate ship or
11 Article 80. A r t i f i c i a l i s l a n d s , installations and structures on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Article 81. Drilling on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Article 82. Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Article 83. D e l i mi t a t i o n o f t h e continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Article 84. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . . 53 Article 85. Tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 PART VII. HIGH SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Article 86. Application of the provisions of this Part . . . . . . . . 53 Article 87. Freedom of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Article 88. Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Article 89. Invalidity of claims of sovereignty over the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Article 90. Right of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Article 91. Nationality of ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Article 92. Status of ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Article 93. Ships flying the flag of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Article 94. Duties of the flag State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Article 95. Immunity of warships on the high seas . . . . . . . . . . 56 Article 96. Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or any other incident of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Article 98. Duty to render assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Article 99. Prohibition of the transport of slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Article 100. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy . . . . . 57 Article 101. Definition of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Article 102. Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Article 103. Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58