二微波背景辐射 -15 3K -16 BLACK BODY -17 -18 -19 100 10 1 .1 01 WAVELENGTH (cm) Fig.12 Measurements of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation
1978年诺贝尔奖 Arno Allan Penzias 1111年 1978:"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" Robert Woodrow Wilson
Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson
微波背景辐射（卫星观测） COBE DMR Microwave Sky at 53 GHz COBE 0■3.64K MAP Q Stokes 20 Tu闪 20 宇宙学尺度：3000Mpc,均匀各项同性，1Mpc=3.09×1022米 星系团：几个Mpc
宇宙学尺度：3000Mpc，均匀各项同性，1 Mpc = 3.09 × 1022 米 星系团：几个Mpc
宇宙微波背景观测 (WMAP) Science 19Db2003 Breakthrough 6322Ma5553 P8s2017-217250 #1 The Winner yen96etg6ng点 Portraits of the eartiest universe and the lacy pattern of galaxies in today's matter.They also give the universe a firm age and a precise speed of expansion. Illuminating the Dark Universe A lonely sellne spinning slowly through the dark eaergy and the compostion of the uni- shape and the material its made of,so does verse dissolved when the WMAP satellite the "somnd"of the earty rels. Cm ook the most detailed picture ever of the tive abundances aad sizes of the bot and cold d CMB)The ound-depend of all of cr CMB is the t light in the uni n the comp when it was less thaa 400.000 years old.The versc.the radsbon that irom the shape.WMAP is the instrument that finally brihtiy coloeed picture narks a tuming poit ocwboen universe when it was still a glow. allwod scientits to hear the celestial music in the field of cosmology:Aloee witk a land- ing ball of plasma and fgur o建wh.d sart of This fnt mi adkeakcsloagWgeatk the na mos is mch much stanger same time.The WMAP data confirmod the incrod- Five years ago.Scimce's ibly strange picture of the of universe that other obset- hy 1998's Br The wniverse is tter.the stuff celeratiag universe.Two of stars and trees and peo teams of astronomers had ple.Tweaty-three peroent seen the faint imprint of a is exotic matter:dark made p of Through a glass,darkly.Microwave cosmologists a way to nea- data obaerved by the WHA satelite is dak energy. sure the expansion of the (upper left).supemovae (lower left. The tone of the cosmic universe at different tires in nd复y all wreal a bell also reveals the age of its history.The scieatists the c ams and the rate at which it is anding.and fire.The writing WMAP has nearly perfect pitch., ever faster,rather than oa the walltiny a cosmologist would likely have said that decelrating,as general fluctuations in the the universe is between 12 billion and 15 Breakthrough of the Year and common hiin -had led astrphysi plus or m Cosmic e.Th s based egy”unkaown force that counteracts the effects of gravity and of the unrverse'y exponsion- fings galacies away from each other ies,the uiverse ws made of a hot,gkwing Convergence Akhough the supernova data were com plasma that roiled uader the competing in- few hun时dredths一 and the universe's of gravity and light The big "shape":shte flat.All the ments of the ad set the nd the pls the of this m90t g and expa ing and com- n,its density-hne been set pendent ways.That qtest ended this yeor No pressing clouds of matter.Hot spots n the tled ia one fell swoop. kore8 iemistst切ying o comfim the点- packground radiation are the images of As imporuant as WMAP is,it is not this iskace of dark cuergy:now they AMERICAN ASSOCIATION TOR THE ADVANCEMINT OF SCIENCE find out what it's made of and what it tlk univers about the birth iad e the gnature of of the The Stoan Digital Sky (SDSS)is of Just as the tooe of a bell depends oa it mapping out a millio galces 2038 V302
2006年诺贝尔奖 2006:"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" John C.Mather George F.Smoot COBE MAP
2006: "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" John C. Mather George F. Smoot