课件十一:俄国农奴制改革 The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia (11-1-1) 农奴制的俄国及其对外扩张 矿二、农奴制危机和革命民主主义的产生 矿三、1861年的农奴制改革
课件十一：俄国农奴制改革 The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia （11-1-1） 一、农奴制的俄国及其对外扩张 二、农奴制危机和革命民主主义 的产生 三、1861年的农奴制改革
改革前的农奴状况 Background By 1861, estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a live and work off their obligations. These allotments also were supposed to o population of 74 million. Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which provide for the serfs' subsistence Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on their lord's land(barshchina), or they paid in money or dues(obrok). By 1861 71 of serfs owed barshchina, and the rest owed a combination of obrok and barshchina Serfs fell into three categories: gentry, state, and appanage serfs. Gentry serfs(AA 农奴) were those belonging to the nobilit. State serfdom(国家农奴) developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century. These peasants were a diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default 不履行契约), either because their owners broke the law and they were confiscated, or because they owed military service to the state. Appanage peasants(采邑农奴) belonged to the imperial family. They suffered the worst conditions. The allotment (pt) of land for appanage serfs was unequal, and many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence
改革前的农奴状况 Background By 1861, estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a population of 74 million. Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which to live and work off their obligations. These allotments also were supposed to provide for the serfs' subsistence. Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on their lord's land (barshchina), or they paid in money or dues (obrok). By 1861, 71 % of serfs owed barshchina, and the rest owed a combination of obrok and barshchina. Serfs fell into three categories: gentry, state, and appanage serfs. Gentry serfs(私有 农奴） were those belonging to the nobility. State serfdom （国家农奴） developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century. These peasants were a diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default（ 不履行契约）, either because their owners broke the law and they were confiscated, or because they owed military service to the state. Appanage peasants（采邑农奴）belonged to the imperial family. They suffered the worst conditions. The allotment（分配） of land for appanage serfs was unequal, and many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence
Peter I“ the Great? 16721725, czar of Russi6821725彼得大帝 c Assuming personal power(1689), he gave Russia an outlet to the Black Sea by capturing Azov from Turks(1695-96), After extensive travels in Europe(1697-98), he began to westernize russian institutions. His victory over the Swedes(1709)in the Northern Wargave Russia access to the Baltic. In 1713 he moved the capital from Moscow to St Petersburg
Peter Ⅰ “the Great” (1672-1725 , czar of Russia 1682-1725) 彼得大帝 Assuming personal power(1689), he gave Russia an outlet to the Black Sea by capturing Azov from Turks(1695-96)，After extensive travels in Europe(1697-98), he began to westernize Russian institutions. His victory over the Swedes (1709) in the Northern War gave Russia access to the Baltic. In 1713, he moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
Peters Reform 彼得一世改革 His other reforms included 1. the reorganization of army, and the founding of a navy 2. the reorganization of government; 3. the establishment of several hundred of factories. the construction of canals, and establishing a new tax system; 4. the construction technical school, and the planning of the Russian Academy of Science, 5. Established the "Holy Synod", to make the Church subject to the state
Peter’s Reform 彼得一世改革 His other reforms included: 1. the reorganization of army, and the founding of a navy; 2. the reorganization of government; 3. the establishment of several hundred of factories, the construction of canals, and establishing a new tax system; 4. the construction technical school, and the planning of the Russian Academy of Science; 5. Established the “Holy Synod”,to make the Church subject to the State. By often ruthless methods he made Russia an important European power
Catherine t“ the great”(17291796) 叶卡特琳娜二世 Empress of Russia(1762-96)A benevolent despot, she reformed local administration and gave a new charter to the nobility confirming their privileges. She increased Russian territory in partition of Poland(1772. 1793, 1795)and by the Russo Turkish Wars(1768-74,1787-92) She wrote memoirs and plays, and was a patron of writers and artists
Catherine Ⅱ “the Great”(1729-1796) 叶卡特琳娜二世 Empress of Russia (1762-96). A benevolent despot, she reformed local administration and gave a new charter to the nobility, confirming their privileges.She increased Russian territory in partition of Poland (1772, 1793,1795) and by the RussoTurkish Wars (1768-74,1787-92). She wrote memoirs and plays, and was a patron of writers and artists