Autophagy: target Autophagic targets range in size and complexity n Individual long-lived macromolecules 口 Whole organelles a Microbial invaders
Autophagy: target ◼ Autophagic targets range in size and complexity Individual long-lived macromolecules Whole organelles Microbial invaders
Autophagy: purposes (a quality control of disused or defunct organelles such as irreversibly depolarized or leaky mitochondria (b) removal of toxic macromolecular aggregates too large for handling by smaller capacity or single-molecule- handling proteolytic systems of the cell (e.g proteasome)
Autophagy: purposes ◼ (a) quality control of disused or defunct organelles such as irreversibly depolarized or leaky mitochondria; ◼ (b) removal of toxic macromolecular aggregates too large for handling by smaller capacity or single-molecule-handling proteolytic systems of the cell (e.g. proteasome);
Autophagy: purposes (c digestion of bulk cytoplasm expressly to replenish amino acids and energy during starvation or growth factor withdrawal (d) acting on or in concert with the molecular machineries and organelles at the interface between cell survival and cell death (e controlling and acting as an effector or a regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and Inflammation
Autophagy: purposes ◼ (c) digestion of bulk cytoplasm expressly to replenish amino acids and energy during starvation or growth factor withdrawal; ◼ (d) acting on or in concert with the molecular machineries and organelles at the interface between cell survival and cell death ◼ (e) controlling and acting as an effector or a regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation
Autophagy: Function The principal role of autophagy this ubiquitous eukaryotic homeostatic mechanism is to ensure cell survival under adverse conditions nutrient absence growth factor withdrawal accumulation of toxic protein aggregates Faulty organelles(e.g leaky mitochondria) infection by intracellular
Autophagy: Function ◼ The principal role of Autophagy this ubiquitous eukaryotic homeostatic mechanism is to ensure cell survival under adverse conditions ◼ nutrient absence, ◼ growth factor withdrawal ◼ accumulation of toxic protein aggregates ◼ Faulty organelles (e.g., leaky mitochondria) ◼ infection by intracellular
Autophagy Regulation Highly conserved and regulated process that maintains cellular homeostasis and protects cells against starvation and microbe invasion Birth wth Factor ental Interruption) riation Decreased Black in Extracellular Nutrients Nutrient Uptake creased intracellular Nutrients Mitochondria Nutrent Sensors TCAcvcle s Soning Events Protein Synthesis Falty Acids Autophagy Amino Acids Pre- Autophagosome Degradation of Structure cytoplasma Isolation Components Membrane Autophagosome Autolysosome Figure 1. Mammalian Autophagy in Cellular Defense against Two Forms of Nutrient Stress: Birth and Growth Factor Deprivation
Autophagy Regulation ◼ Highly conserved and regulated process that maintains cellular homeostasis and protects cells against starvation and microbe invasion