Third Crusade-1189-1192 perfume,fine hand-woven carpets were pouring in.As trade Fourth Crusade-1202-1204 increased,village and towns began to grow into cities.And the rise Fifth Crusade-1218-1221 of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way for the growth Sixth Crusade -1228-1229 of strong national governments. Seventh Crusade-1248-1254 Eighth Crusade一1270 By 1291 the Moslems had taken over the last Christain III.Learning and Science stronghold.They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control. Although the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the 1,Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance Holy land,they had an important effect on the future of both the Charlemagne (742-814),who temporarily restored order in East and the West.They brought the East into closer contact with western and central Europe,was perhaps the most important figure the West.And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. of the early medieval period.He kept order throughout his realm, During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in and he encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient Palestine,kings at home found opportunities to strengthen learning.He wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in themselves.Thus among other things,Crusades helped to break ancient times and eventually was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" down feudalism,which,in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. by the Pope in 800. Besides,through their contact with the more cultured Charlemagne,among many other things he did,encouraged Byzantines and Moslems,the western Europeans changed many of learning by setting up monastery schools,giving support to scholars their old ideas.Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books.Because their religious ideals.Peasants and serfs grew discontented with their the scribes performed their tasks well,few of the ancient works that lives on a manor and began to demand more rights than they had had had survived until that time were ever lost. before. The result of Charlemagne's efforts is usually called the The Crusades also resulted in renewing people's interest in "Carolingian Renaissance".The term is derived from Charlemagne's learning and invention.By the thirteenth century,universities, name in Latin,Carolus.The most interesting facet of this rather which grew from cathedral schools,had spread all over Europe.Such minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state knowledge as Arabic numerals,algebra,and Arab medicine were reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the introduced to the West.At the same time more and more people Christianized Hebraic culture. began to demand some of the luxuries of the East.Spices,silk, 100 101 鞋臂钢
"Because it is our obligation to improve constantly the reason and that imparted by revelation and holds that the two kinds condition of our churches,we are anxious to restore with of truth are complementary,for they both spring from the same diligent zeal the workshops of letters which are almost deserted source,that is from God.His Summa Theologiae forms an because of the negligence of our ancestors,and we invite by our enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval own exemple all who are able to learn the practice of the liberal theology.It defends feudal theocracy by arguing that the feudal arts.” hierarchy of society is "God's rule",the power of feudal rulers (Charlemagne,in one of his laws) originates from "God's will",and the Pope is "Christ's Plenipotentiary"above the secular rulers. 2.Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning Alfred the Great (849-899),ruler of the Anglo-Saxon "Man has a natural desire to know the causes of whatever kingdom of Wessex,contributed greatly to the medieval European he sees:wherefore through wondering at what they saw,and culture.He worried about the disappearance of learning and made ignoring its cause,men first began to philosophize,and when Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and they had discovered the cause they were at rest.Nor do they scholars,founding new monasteries,and promoting translations into cease inquiring until they come to the first cause;and then do the vernacular from Latin works.He also inspired the compilation of we deem ourselves to know perfectly when we know the first the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. cause.Therefore man naturally desires,as his last end,to know the first cause.But God is the first cause of all.Therefore man's "So great was the decay of learning among Englishmen that last end is to know God..." there were very few...who could understand the ritual and (Saint Thomas Aquinas:Summa Contra Gentiles,Book I.) translate a letter from Latin into English.No,I cannot remember one such,south of the Thames,when I came to the 4.Roger Bacon and Experimental Science throne.” Science,as we understand the term,made little progress during (Alfred the Great) the Middle Ages.While superstition was widespread,false sciences based on the practice of "magic"were popular.These included 3.St.Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism astrology (foretelling the future by study of the stars),and alchemy St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)was an Italian philosopher (converting base metals into gold). and theologian,the supreme figure in scholasticism,the medieval Real scientific progress did not begin until the 12th and 13th philosophical effort to harmonize faith and reason.In his Summa centuries.Roger Bacon (about 1220-1292),a monk,was one of Contra Gentiles he distinguishes between truth discerned by human the earliest advocates of scientific research.He called for careful 102 103