20 Part I.General Informatio 2-1 Selected Chemical Composition Requirements of Some Foods with Standards of Identity Section in AOAC METHOD2 Food 21 CFR1 Product Requirement Number in 13th Ed. Number in 17th Ed.Name/Description 131.110 Mik Milk solids nonfat≥81% 16.032 990.19 Totalsods,by after steem table 16.Q59 905.02 ded 220001U3/et4 Vitamin D f added)-400 IU/q 43.195-43.208 936.14 30 Mikfat>50%by wt.of solids 16.255 933.05 18289-16.27 g2608-046.0c oven 1371656r62 Moisture≤15% 14.002.14.003 92509.925.09B Vacuum oven Ash5≤(0.35+克of the percent 14.006 923.03 Dry ashing rdestencatcdaiaondhao7j 2.057 955.040 Ke samples 146.185 aresotbesods≥i10.5em 31.009 932.14A Hw otal acidity <1.35 g/100 mi (as Titration with NaOH Calcuated10 Insoluble solids 25 and30% 158.170 Alcohol insoluble solids<19% Extract with alcohol material2 163.113 Cocoa Cocoa fat <22%and 210% 925.15 Extraction with petroleum ethe 164.150 Fat <55% 27.006e) 948.22 kehhlmsogpcdmanacaumaprtce nt bas .As dele Exception stated for juice s,as described in 1CFR146.15b
Chapter 2 United States Government Regulations 吊 When violations of the FD&C Act are discovered 2-2 rGrades and products anc table Concentrated Orange Juice FDA can use warnin Quality Analytical rece file dep h inal cha ommends to the Justice De mentthat court action hetaken that migh Brix result in fines or imprisonment of offenders.Details of these enforcement activities of the FDA are given Defects in references (1-4). The UsDa administers several federal statutes rele d previ th vant to food standards,composition,and analysis. dards was pub only som re Pu Ma in the CFR be These include standards of identity for meat products, grade standards,and inspection programs.Some pro Ady are USDA AMS d processed food commodities are phlets from USDA and also are acce on the Internet. Grade standards,issued by the AMS of the USDA for agricultural products and by the Departmentof C mmerce for fishery products,mus not be confusec with sta dar FD 3ap 6 establis identity set by the Usp st f nspe dair s,domestic rabbits certain preserves,dry beans,rice,and peas.Additional information about grade standards for dairy products 2.2.2.2 Grade Standards is given in se ection 2.3,but exa P sof grade standards e代 Grade standards developed for many foods by nd the USDA classify products in a range from substandard etab of proth as to excellent in quality.While most grade standards are Aa and a vari ical characteristics not mandatory requ rements hey are m of che for certain grains) they are id i monly given.As an example,the quality and analytical factors that determine the grade standards of frozen te n ch rade standards often are used as g concentrated orange juice(10)are given inT ity control tools.Consumers are familiar generally with Grades gra ns,oats by of hont da material.Also.a variety of foods.Major usersof standards include ospital urants,pris only for moisture content.Grade and standards for rice,beans,peas,and lentils are dcter mined commonly by factors such as defects,presence 300 food A authority of the of foreign material,insect infestation,and sometimes moisture content is specified Standards for grades are not required to bestated on the label,but if they are stated,the product must comply grade.Official 2.2.2.3 Inspection Programs are provio The USDA administers IS of the gra s.an others wne on certifcainog nspe e voluntary.Comprehensive
22 PartI.General Informatior spe of foods and orn allowable levels of contaminants and seafood.The epa a preting and utilizing the regulations the FDA in identifving the range Under the federal meat inspection act.the poultry taminants that pose a human health risk and are Products Inspection Act,and the Egg Products Inspec most likely to accumulate in seafood.A tolerance of tion Act,the FSIS of the USDA inspects all meat 2.0 parts per million (ppm)for total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)(2]CFR 109 30)is the only forma specified by the FDA to mittgate human healt impacts in seafood.However,the EPA has pouitry to the St entry A nas cs 8 um,chromium,I thin the Grain of me nickel (12) d Administratio mts of thu iis Cr ain Stan. 2.2.4 United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,Firearms,and Explosives dards Act (7 CER 800)Rogulations to enforce this act provide for a national inspection system for grain,and mandatory official grade standards of numerous types of grain.Another program of the USDA standardizes, wines d other grades,and inspects fruits and vegetables under vari ous voluntary programs.The inspcction programs rely ontrol over their heavily on the FACCP concepl spccified by the Federal Alcohol Administration Act. 2.2.3 United States Department which is enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco of Commerce Firearms,and Explosives (ATF)of the U.S.Depart- ment of the Treasury.Issues regarding the composition 2.2.3.1 Seafood Inspection Service and labeling of most alcoholic beverages are handled The National Oceani and Atmospheric Adminis- by the Bureau.How vever,the FDA has tration (NO A)and the Nation I M T everages an FDA Service (NMF now agencies under th nd the pr ut of san nspe through volur grading nd 8r8le mposition of everage Spirits ction programs ons sta dards of ider inspection pr trams ruly htavily on the HACCP con tity d cept.NOAA Handbouk 25 is a comprchensive manual 7CR1-30 on these subjects entitled Fishery Prodiicts Inspecfion Standards of identity of be Manual (11).The U.S.Standards for Grades of Fish- ulate the need for an such as p ery Products are intended to help the fishing industry volume total solids content volatile acidity and calo maintain and i and to there lated acidity.For example,the fruit juice used for th are bi production of wine is often specified by its "Brix and total solids content.The maximum volatile acidity (ca culated as acetic acid and exclusive of sulfur dioxide not be m than 0.1 2.2.3.2 Interaction with FDA and EPA J.12g/100 grape 4.21 EDMC Act is P nsible for ped or received in int state co of 14%but not in e of 2402.bu e while tab! ne and not misbranded or de otively pack- wine s have an alcoholic content not in excess of 14% aged.The FDA has primary authority in sctting alcohol by volume (27 CFR 4.21).No product with
Chapter 2 United States Government Regulations 23 less than 0.5%alcohol by volume is permitted to be regulations by collecting and analyzing food sample labeled "beer,""lager beer,""ager," wale""norter mostly agricultural commodities.Livestock and "stout,"or any other class or type designation normally les are collected and analyzed by the usDA used for malt beverages with higher alcoholic content Pesticide residuc levels that exceed the cstablished (27CFR7.24). tolerances are considered in violation of the FD&C Act. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires s Environmental xplicit determination that tolerances are safe for Agency special sensk an3adnnTod ctor up to tion plan t tal activities.Th childre The 1996 la tha elevant to this be are control of pesticide re idu in fods drinkin ents of new health-based safety water safety and the composition of efflumt from foud standards established by law. processing plants. Regulations regarding pesticide tolerances in foods are given in 40 CFR 180,which specifies general cat- 2.2.5.1 Pesticide Registration and egorics of products and specific commodities with Tolerance Levels ances or exemptions,and in some cases which part of the agricul s to be exan r Pesticides che ntended product to profect our covered inc supply b controlling an 5 y:c hogs,bte tol ple and the stablished for th The thre esidues resultin protection of food from r slaughter.Tolerance sed in ferms of provisions of the Federal FD&c Act.Federal Insec partsby weht of the pesticide chemical per 1 million ticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA),as arts by weight of the product (i.e.,ppm).Tolerance amended,and the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 levels for selected pesticides and insecticides permitted FIFRA,supplemented by the FD&C.Act,authorizes a in foods as food additives are given in Table 2-3. comprehensive program to regulate the manufactur- he analytical methods to be used t r determ ning ing, nd use of pesticides aiong with a whether pes ticdsid re in with th FD&C ActandFRA,t me oth h A This s done by char the def 14.15.Th t and above the tolera the Delancy Clause greatly reduced in scope and less antitated by g relevant. The EPA registers approved pesticides and sets (see Chapters 19 28.and 29) tolerances for pesticide dues.Both areas of respon sibility are describe in Chapter 19,section 19.1.1.1 and the ting of tolerance 2.2.5.2 Drinking Water Standards and evels is cribed her The EPA is authorized to e ablish an allowable limi r any c able p The EPA administers the Safe Drinking Wate ain in crop nany tin n als.To on factors that include registration data, lished their maximum acceptable levels in drinking mode of action.chemistry of the vater.The EPA has p compound.toxicological data,plant and animal phys lish the standards.while the states enforce them and ology,efficacy data,and riskassessment.While the EPA otherwise supervise public water supply systems and establishes the tolerance levels,the FDA enforces the sources of drinking water.Primary and secondary
Part I.General Information 2-3 Tolera ce for Selected Insecticides().Funglcides (F),and Herbicides (H) table Classlfied as Food Addltives Permltted In Foods for Human Consumption Section Food Additive Chemical Classification Food Tolerance2 180.294 Benomyl Citrus fruits 10 100 Tomato products,conc. 80.342 Chlcrooyrifos( Oraano-phosohate Apples Comn ail 3.0 18g459 Pyrethroid atoes Carboxvlic acid Wheat,grain drinking water guidelines for existir ng and standards of r ad roo rding the special standardiza new and existing sources. Point sources of discharg of pollution are required to comply with these regu conaminant or lations,where applicable.Regulations are prescribed for specific foods under the appropriate point source mary drinking water arc set for certain inorganic categorv: dairy products processing (40 CFR 405) and organic chemicals,turbidity,certain types of grain mills (40 CFR 406),canned and preserved fruits radioactivity,and microorganisms and vegetab processing (40 canned and cedures and the analysis ng(40 CFR 408 ch and mea ren 16 d by nlanta a demand (BOD)(see Chapter 21).total soluble solids (SS)(se usis of Water oublished by the Ch apter 6),and pH (see Chapter 13),as shown in and Arl Bok of ASTM Standards (18)published Table 2-4 for effluent from a plant that makes natural by the American Society for Testing Materials.Meth and processed cheese.The test procedures for mea ods commonly specified for the analysis of inor rement of effluent characteristics are prescribed in ganic contaminants in water include atomic absorptio 40CFR136. (direct aspiration or furnace technique),inductively coupled p asma (see Chapter 25),ion chromatogra apter 28),and ion selective electrode (se 12. 2.2.6 United States Customs Service (USCS) 2.2.5.3 Effluen edible products to the United centr t imported ucts ar P ering the Federal Water Pollution and Cor A ha othe FDAand USDA it assumes these cesingplans.RegulatonspescibeCEieamtlmafC USCS are given in Tte of the CFR. ulgated by the