FROM LINE TO PLANE Two parallel lines have the ability to visually describe a plane.A transparent spatial membrane can be stretched between them to acknowledge their visual relationship.The closer these lines are to each other.the stronger will be the sense of plane they convey. 0-0-00 A series of parallel lines.through their repetitiveness,reinforces our perception of the plane they describe.As these lines extend themselves along the plane they describe.the implied plane becomes real and the original voids between 口066 the lines revert to being mere interruptions of the planar surface. The diagrams illustrate the transformation of a row of round columns,initially supporting a portion of a wall.then evolving into square piers which are an 口▣口口 integral part of the wall plane,and finally becoming pilasters-remnants of the original columns occurring as a relief along the surface of the wall. "The column is a certain strengthened part of a wall.carried up perpendicular 由 from the foundation to the top...Arow of columns is indeed nothing buta wall,open and discontinued in several places.Leon Battista Alberti 14 ARCHITECTURE:FORM,SPACE,ORDER
14 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER Two parallel lines have the ability to visually describe a plane. A transparent spatial membrane can be stretched between them to acknowledge their visual relationship. The closer these lines are to each other, the stronger will be the sense of plane they convey. A series of parallel lines, through their repetitiveness, reinforces our perception of the plane they describe. As these lines extend themselves along the plane they describe, the implied plane becomes real and the original voids between the lines revert to being mere interruptions of the planar surface. The diagrams illustrate the transformation of a row of round columns, initially supporting a portion of a wall, then evolving into square piers which are an integral part of the wall plane, and finally becoming pilasters—remnants of the original columns occurring as a relief along the surface of the wall. “The column is a certain strengthened part of a wall, carried up perpendicular from the foundation to the top … A row of columns is indeed nothing but a wall, open and discontinued in several places.” Leon Battista Alberti FROM LINE TO PLANE
LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANES D D. 0 Altes Museum.Berlin.1823-1830.Karl Friedrich Schinkel A row of columns supporting an entablature-a colonnade-is often used todefine the public faceor facade of a building.especially one that fronts on a major civic space.A colonnaded facade can be penetrated easily for entry,offers a degree of shelter from the elements,and forms a semi-transparent screen that unifies individual building forms behind it. 中 才：1 The Basilica,Vicenza,Italy. Andrea Palladio designed this two-story loggia in 1545 to wrap around an existing medieval structure.This addition not only buttressed the existing structure but also acted as a screen that disquised the irregularity of the original core and Stoa of Attalus fronting the Agora in Athens presented a uniform but elegant face to the Piazza del Signori. PRIMARY ELEMENTS /15
PRIMARY ELEMENTS / 15 A row of columns supporting an entablature—a colonnade—is often used to define the public face or facade of a building, especially one that fronts on a major civic space. A colonnaded facade can be penetrated easily for entry, offers a degree of shelter from the elements, and forms a semi-transparent screen that unifies individual building forms behind it. 4UPBPG"UUBMVT fronting the Agora in Athens "MUFT.VTFVN, Berlin, 1823–1830, Karl Friedrich Schinkel The Basilica, Vicenza, Italy. Andrea Palladio designed this two-story loggia in 1545 to wrap around an existing medieval structure. This addition not only buttressed the existing structure but also acted as a screen that disguised the irregularity of the original core and presented a uniform but elegant face to the Piazza del Signori. LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANES
LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANES Cloister of Moissac Abbey.France.c.1100 In addition to the structural role columns play in supporting an These two examples illustrate how columns overhead floor or roof plane.they can articulate the penetrable can define the edges of an exterior space boundaries of spatial zones which mesh easily with adjacent defined within the mass of a building- spaces. as well as articulate the edges of a building mass in space. 国厘逐国画 Temple of Athena Polias. Priene,c.334 B.C.Pythius St.Philibert,Tournus,France,950-1120. This view of the nave shows how rows of columns can provide a rhythmic measure of space. 16 ARCHITECTURE:FORM,SPACE,ORDER
16 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER In addition to the structural role columns play in supporting an overhead floor or roof plane, they can articulate the penetrable boundaries of spatial zones which mesh easily with adjacent spaces. 4U1IJMJCFSU, Tournus, France, 950 –1120. This view of the nave shows how rows of columns can provide a rhythmic measure of space. These two examples illustrate how columns can define the edges of an exterior space defined within the mass of a building as well as articulate the edges of a building mass in space. 5FNQMFPG"UIFOB1PMJBT, Priene, c. 334 B.C., Pythius Cloister of .PJTTBD"CCFZ, France, c. 1100 LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANES
LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANES Cary House,Mill Valley.California,1963,Joseph Esherick Trellised Courtyard,Georgia O'Keefe Residence. Abiquiu.northwest of Sante Fe.New Mexico The linear members of trellises and pergolas can provide a moderate degree of definition and enclosure for outdoor spaces while allowing filtered sunlight and breezes to penetrate. Vertical and horizontal linear elements together can define a volume of space such as the solarium illustrated to the right.Note that the form of the volume is determined solely by the configuration of the linear elements. Solarium of Condominium Unit 1,Sea Ranch,California,1966. Moore,Lyndon,Turnbull,Whitaker(MLTW) PRIMARY ELEMENTS /17
PRIMARY ELEMENTS / 17 The linear members of trellises and pergolas can provide a moderate degree of definition and enclosure for outdoor spaces while allowing filtered sunlight and breezes to penetrate. Vertical and horizontal linear elements together can define a volume of space such as the solarium illustrated to the right. Note that the form of the volume is determined solely by the configuration of the linear elements. $BSZ)PVTF, Mill Valley, California, 1963, Joseph Esherick Trellised Courtyard, (FPSHJB0,FFGF3FTJEFODF, Abiquiu, northwest of Sante Fe, New Mexico LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANES Solarium of $POEPNJOJVN6OJU 4FB3BODI, California, 1966, Moore, Lyndon, Turnbull, Whitaker (MLTW)
PLANE A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction becomes a plane. Conceptually.a plane has length and width, but no depth. Shape is the primary identifying characteristic of a plane.It is determined by the contour of the line forming the edges of a plane.Because our perception of shape can be distorted by perspective foreshortening,we see the true shape of a plane only when we view it frontally. The supplementary properties of a plane-its surface color,pattern,and texture-affect its visual weight and stability. In the composition of a visual construction,a plane serves to define the limits or boundaries of a volume.If architecture as a visual art deals specifically with the formation of three- dimensional volumes of mass and space,then the plane should be regarded as a key element in the vocabulary of architectural design. 18 ARCHITECTURE:FORM,SPACE,ORDER
18 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction becomes a plane. Conceptually, a plane has length and width, but no depth. Shape is the primary identifying characteristic of a plane. It is determined by the contour of the line forming the edges of a plane. Because our perception of shape can be distorted by perspective foreshortening, we see the true shape of a plane only when we view it frontally. The supplementary properties of a plane—its surface color, pattern, and texture—affect its visual weight and stability. In the composition of a visual construction, a plane serves to define the limits or boundaries of a volume. If architecture as a visual art deals specifically with the formation of threedimensional volumes of mass and space, then the plane should be regarded as a key element in the vocabulary of architectural design. PLANE