jawn jea ul ajqesied 'aaj-xaquoo Kiqeqoud sagenguel jeunieN sajn alMal jo swansks auaaly pue swaisks sod o1 panejey squlensuoo ou :a]qejawnua Kjanisinoay ggoVV←-aSH apis puey-1y3u uo sjeulwjeluou auow :onnisuas-1xaquo) 9SD←-S buryhuD ounwlaquou :331j-1x3u0) V←-S SD←-S ouwiaquou ouzw.ag ouwwlaguou :jen3oy sodKy lewweI
es yp t Grammar ] nonterminal [ minal ter → nonterminal :r Regula Sa →S Λ →S anything → nonterminal : Context-free b Sa →S side right-hand on nonterminals re mo : Context-sensitive BB a AA → ASB constraints no : enumerable Recursively rules rewrite of systems Kleene and systems ost P to Related time! real in rsable pa context-free, robably p languages Natural 11 22 Chapter
6Iduto s3 ssejo uado pue p3 sojp oqu!P∂pIl☑ 6|8|ㄥ|9|9|五181飞|I10←-6a ·|nq|0|puD←uo4punu0O ·|loau|u0|u2|0?←u042s0dd ·|uD|D|3y4←-31p4W ·|DrVd|aDn|uo4soa|lDN|uyor←-3uwW ··|?|I|nof|au←-unouold …|YpD9|4?n0s|4sD3|fa1|462.| pvayo fiqioau 31371 31ay -qiaapy finlaus yo0q l yinos isDa 1fa1 y634+a0yalpy uung 1124 fLDo |qo16 |06 syuzns 1aaf qooys naus aas s?-qan asva p1ob syid d sndunm buzyyou 1a11216 azaauq youags unoN uoorxa[sndwnM
lexicon umpus W nothing | itter l g | e eez br | stench → Noun . . . | east | d ol g | pits | pit | umpus w| s stink | eel f | shoot | l smel | see | is → erb V . . . | n tur | l il k | yr car | ab rg | og | . . . | yl smel | back | south | east | t ef l | ht ig r → ctive dje A ahead | by near | e ther | e her → dverb A . . . | back | south | east | t ef l | ht ig r | . . . | it | I | ou y | me → onoun Pr . . . | C AJ P| BCU| oston B| y ar M| ohn J → Name . . . | an | a | the → rticle A . . . | near | on | in | to → osition ep Pr . . . | but | or | and → Conjunction 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 → Digit classes en op and closed into Divided 12 22 Chapter
sassejo uado pue pasojp onul papinl 6|8|2|9|9|五|8|z1I|0-6☑ ·|nq|0|puD←uo4 ountuoD ·|dDau|uo|u2|o4←-uo42 sodald ··uD|D|34?←-ap4lf ·|DrVd|aDn|uogsog|DN|uyor←-auwW …TTV,X|aH/S|?|I|nof|au←-unowold ·|YpD9|4?n0s|sDa|4f31|46.| poayd|fqinau auay ajay qlaapy finlous yonq yinos isva 1fal qyb a0malpy .uing I 124 |fDo |9o46 |06 sYu24s|133f|004s|11aus|33s|s2←-9.a1 asva p1ob syid nd sndunm 6u24?0u|la416|3z339|4pu34s←-um0W uoorxa[sndwnM
lexicon umpus W nothing | itter l g | e eez br | stench → Noun . . . | east | d ol g | pits | pit | umpus w| s stink | eel f | shoot | l smel | see | is → erb V . . . | n tur | l il k | yr car | ab rg | og | . . . | yl smel | back | south | east | t ef l | ht ig r → ctive dje A ahead | by near | e ther | e her → dverb A . . . | back | south | east | t ef l | ht ig r | Y | E /H S | it | I | ou y | me → onoun Pr ALL 0 . . . . . . | C AJ P| BCU| oston B| y ar M| ohn J → Name . . . | an | a | the → rticle A . . . | near | on | in | to → osition ep Pr . . . | but | or | and → Conjunction 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 → Digit classes en op and closed into Divided 13 22 Chapter
T2Zdw见D ]lews s!ey d11D4?←-3smD2013H 1se33y1+01 dNuo4 sodald←dd peaye +o3 q.lanpy dΛ 1se334101+un4 dd d/ ]lews s! 34a,pVdΛ 3z3∂1qe+1y dN dA syuis 9aΛ←-dΛ Klews si ey sndwnm ay asnD1o1ad dN nsea ay o1 sndunm ay dd dN tE 12621262 sndwnm +ay unoN a571y said unON unouold←-dW sndwnm e llews I+pue azaaq e jaaj Is uozgounluo S 1 azaalq e jaaj +1 dAdN←-S JewweI8 sndwnM
grammar umpus W reeze b a feel +I VP NP →S wumpus a smell I + and + reeze b a feel I S Conjunction S | I onoun Pr → NP pits Noun | wumpus + the Noun rticle A | 4 3 Digit Digit | east the to + wumpus the PP NP | smelly is that + wumpus the elClause R NP | stinks erb V → VP reeze b a + feel NP VP | smelly + is ctive dje A VP | east the to + turn PP VP | ahead + go dverb A VP | east the + to NP osition ep Pr → PP smelly is + that VP that → elClause R 14 22 Chapter
ys!udod o]ua uaynsu!'saed 00g-OT sewwe ley isonuewas yo quapuadapul 'a]qelja neyMawos quawaage annafqnsjaqul Plo ay3 sndwnm ayl aeuop Plo3 ay sndwnm ay anl3 plo3 ay sndunm ayt llews I* sndwnm ayi qe plo* jwalqod 3ulweal e s!T yM a3e o I7 3unsn[py seAnebau seAl!sod aslej aslej T38 en3ue|jeunneu woy jajj!p Kew【T3 Bengue]jewJo」 squowe8pnf eorqewweI
ts judgemen y Grammaticalit 2 L language natural from differ y ma 1 L language rmal oF 2 L 1 L false positives false negatives roblem! p rning lea a is 2 L with agree to 1 L Adjusting wumpus the grab gold the * gold the wumpus the smell I * gold the wumpus the give I gold the wumpus the donate I * semantics! of endent indep reliable, somewhat agreement Intersubjective English er” rop “p r fo even insufficient pages, 10–500 rs gramma Real 15 22 Chapter