2018/4/27 圆上活发大学 Overview of Lectures 国上茶大坐 Course Code:AV314 0.Overview 14/15 Performance(a,b) Term:Undergraduate,Third year Spring Term 1.Introduction 16.Aircraft certification Credic:3 2.Overallconfiauration 17.Aviation economics Hours:51 stimation Aircraft Design 19.Multidisciolinarydesion ootimization 6/7/B Aerodynamic design(a,b,c) (飞行器设计) 9.Thrust/Weight ratio and wing 20.Militaryaircraft desian-overview loading nental issues 10.Landing gear and Aircraft systems 22.Design skills 11.Power plant Wenbin Song 12.Stability and control School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 13.Loads,materials and structures rsy-Dr.Wenbin Song Outline 国上活大学 Safety 圈上游大学 What is aircraft certification Development of aircraft certification FAR,EASA,CAAC,others Definition Freguent Many times in sysiem lifeeyele Examples of certificate Probable Several times in system litecyele Aircraft noise ETOPS rule Possible future developments Definition Catsphic Mul山ole kss of life 【ss of a single life Shanghar a TongUnlversy-Dr.Wenbn Song hool of Aemnautics and As'roeautics Aircraft Certification 圆上清天大学 Aircraft certification responsibility 国上清充大坐 Definition:Legal recognition by the certificate authority that a This is a shared responsibility. product,service,organization or person complies with the The pilot is ultimately responsible! requirements An aircraft that is flyable is not necessarily airworthy As an aircraft designer,you need to understand the Aims certification rules Ensure airworthiness,and therefore the safety of air travel As an aircraft operator,you need to make sure the Healthy development of the industry operational/maintenance team follow the rules As a pilot,you need to understand this. FAR 3:5(a)Statements about products,parts,appliances and matenals provides a definition of "airworthy"as follows: As a flight instructor,you need to make sure that your students understand this. (a)Definitlons.The following terms wll have the stated meanings when used in Operating rules prohibit the operation of an aircraft that is this section:Ainworthy means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a not airworthy. condtion for safe operation. With this definition in mind,it is important to understand who is responsible for determining the airworthiness of the aircraftprior to flight. -Dt.Wentin Song -Dr.Wenhin Song 1
2018/4/27 1 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shanghai Jiao Tong University swb@sjtu.edu.cn Aircraft Design （飞行器设计） Course Code: AV314 Term: Undergraduate, Third year Spring Term Credit: 3 Hours: 51 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Overview of Lectures 0. Overview 1. Introduction 2. Overall configuration 3. Preliminary weight estimation 4. Refined weight estimation 5. Fuselage design 6/7/8 Aerodynamic design(a, b, c) 9. Thrust/Weight ratio and wing loading 10.Landing gear and Aircraft systems 11.Power plant 12.Stability and control 13.Loads, materials and structures 14/15 Performance(a, b) 16.Aircraft certification 17.Aviation economics 18.System integration and configuration management 19.Multidisciplinary design optimization 20.Military aircraft design – overview 21.Environmental issues 22.Design skills © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Outline • What is aircraft certification • Development of aircraft certification • FAR, EASA, CAAC, & others • Examples of certificate • Aircraft noise • ETOPS rule • Possible future developments © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Safety © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Certification • Definition: Legal recognition by the certificate authority that a product, service, organization or person complies with the requirements • An aircraft that is flyable is not necessarily airworthy • Aims – Ensure airworthiness, and therefore the safety of air travel – Healthy development of the industry FAR 3:5(a) Statements about products, parts, appliances and materials provides a definition of "airworthy" as follows: (a)Definitions. The following terms will have the stated meanings when used in this section: Airworthy means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a condition for safe operation. With this definition in mind, it is important to understand who is responsible for determining the airworthiness of the aircraft prior to flight. © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft certification responsibility • This is a shared responsibility. • The pilot is ultimately responsible! • As an aircraft designer, you need to understand the certification rules • As an aircraft operator, you need to make sure the operational/maintenance team follow the rules • As a pilot, you need to understand this. • As a flight instructor, you need to make sure that your students understand this. • Operating rules prohibit the operation of an aircraft that is not airworthy
2018/4/27 A Brief History of Aviation Regulation Bodies 圆上活发大学 Civil Safety Authorities 国上游大峰 ·l0设3，Advsory Comm.oroi8. CAAC:Civil Aviation Administration of China (http://www.caac.gov.cn/) guoiaeanseenalabaxaeae 测对耳来准民能年局李加 FAA:Federal Aviation Authority (U.S.)(http://www.faa.gov/) anything 187,民用杭空器适航管理条例 EASA:European Aviation Safety Agency (Europe) (htto://www.easa.eu.int/) 1919 International Commission for Air 1996,航空法专 Navigation 中国民用航空规章，CCAR Aviation Renuirements 1928,Pan-American Convention on Mutual agreements are often put in place between different authorities on certification of aircraft 1944 International Civil Aviation Organization constitution(ICAO,1947) 1972 Civil Aviation Authority (UK) ·1970 Joint Aviation Authorities (1970 UK,F.D,NLonly) 2003-EuropeanAviation Safety Agency Wienbin Song Category of Certificate 国上活大学 Category of Certificate(I) 国上活大学 ·Airmen-FAR61 Certificate authorities Ratings (aircraft category,class,aircraft type,instrument) Airman(pilot,crew Flight Instructor Certificates Crew Member (other than pilots)-FAR 63 member,engineers) 。Flght navigator Aircraft Certificate Aircraft Airman (other than flight crew)-FAR 65 manufactures Mechanics,Repairman Aircraft Operating Airlines Certificate Travelling Public Category of Certificate(II) 圆上清天大学 Category of Certificate(III) 国上清充大坐 Aircraft Operating Certificates sand Parts All aircraft-91 Specialized Foreign Carries-129 Rotorcraft -133 Production Certincate ·Agriculture-I37 Other FAA certificates ess Standards: -Airports,Air Agencies,Air Navigation Facilities ullfFARc be found n o Sha .w y-Dr.Wenhin Song 2
2018/4/27 2 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics A Brief History of Aviation Regulation Bodies • 1909, Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics, UK • 1910, First international civil aviation conference held, but failed to produce anything • 1919 International Commission for Air Navigation • 1928, Pan-American Convention on commercial aviation • 1944 International Civil Aviation Organization constitution (ICAO, 1947) • 1972 Civil Aviation Authority (UK) • 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities • (1970 UK,F,D,NL only) • 2003-European Aviation Safety Agency • 1944, signatory country of Chicago Convention • 1974, 周恩来批准民航总局参加 ICAO • 1987, 民用航空器适航管理条例 • 1996, 航空法颁布 • 中国民用航空规章, CCAR © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Civil Safety Authorities • CAAC: Civil Aviation Administration of China (http://www.caac.gov.cn/) • FAA: Federal Aviation Authority (U.S.) (http://www.faa.gov/) • EASA: European Aviation Safety Agency (Europe) (http://www.easa.eu.int/) • JAR – Joint Aviation Requirements • Mutual agreements are often put in place between different authorities on certification of aircraft © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Category of Certificate Airman (pilot, crew member, engineers) Aircraft Certificate Aircraft Operating Certificate Aircraft manufactures Airlines Travelling Public Certificate authorities © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Category of Certificate (I) • Airmen - FAR 61 • Pilot Certificates (student, private, recreational, commercial, airline transport) • Ratings (aircraft category, class, aircraft type, instrument) • Flight Instructor Certificates • Crew Member (other than pilots) - FAR 63 • Flight engineer • Flight navigator • Airman (other than flight crew) - FAR 65 • Air Traffic Controllers • Aircraft Dispatchers • Mechanics, Repairman © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Category of Certificate (II) • Aircraft Certificates – Type Certificates • Type certificate data sheet • Supplemental type certificate • Airworthiness Directives – ADs • Manufactures Service Bulletins • Major alterations- type design changes, • Minor alterations – Production Certificate – Airworthiness Certificate – Parts Approval • Selected types – Part 21 – Certification Procedures for Products and Parts – Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Airplanes – Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes – Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft – Part 29 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft – Part 33 – Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines • Note: A full list of FARs can be found on FAA website. These rules are representative adopted by different countries world wide. © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Category of Certificate (III) • Aircraft Operating Certificates – All aircraft – 91 – Specialized • Common Carriage Large - 121 • Common Carriage Small – 135 • Foreign Carries – 129 • Rotorcraft - 133 • Agriculture – 137 • Other FAA certificates – Airports, Air Agencies, Air Navigation Facilities
2018/4/27 Instruments of Regulation 圆上活发大学 Regulatory Flexibility 国上茶大坐 ·aws ·Deviation Regulations ·Waiver Standard FARs,for example FAR25 Authorization Special FARs ·Exemption -Airworthiness Directives Orders-internally developed rules Notices/Information Bulletins ·Advisory Circulars Wienbin Song Three Related,Required Certification 国上洋天大学 Certification Process 圈上游大学 Type certificate(type design certificate approval) Design organization approval Production organization approval +Analyses TYPE CERTIFICATION .Flight Manual COMPLIANCE CHE中IsT RE-WORK/RE-SUBMI Agency EVALUATION SUBMISSION OF REPORTS CERTIFICATION BAIS APPLICATION -Dr.Wenbin Song Certification Basis 圆上清天大学 Certification Code Layout Content (JAR25) 圈上游大峰 Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of ·General TC application,e.g.JAR-25 at Change 16] Flight (Perf.,Contr.&Manoeuv.,Trim,Stab.,Stalls,Gnd.Hndl, Reversions [Use of'older'regs.] Misc.) 'Special Conditions'(Novel design features [CCD],Unconventional use [Steep Appr.],General experience [HIRF]) Structure(Flt.Loads,Manoeuv./Gust cond.,Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Exemptions [Non-applic.of reg.] Emer.Lndg.Loads,Fatigue) -'Equivalent Safety Findings'[Not specifiedAMC] Design construction (Contr.Syst.,Persnl.&Cargo Accom.,Pressn., Environmental Standards[Noise&emissions] Fire Prot.) Elect to Comply Requirements Powerplant(Fuel Sys.,Oil Sys.,Contr.&Access.) Equipment (Instrum.,Elec.Syst.,Safety Equip.) Operating Limitations information(AFM,..) Shanghal Jo Tong Universny-Dt.Wentin Song chool at and ronas .w Shan -Dr.Wenhin Song 3
2018/4/27 3 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Instruments of Regulation • Laws • Regulations – Standard FARs, for example FAR25 – Special FARs – Airworthiness Directives • Orders – internally developed rules • Notices/Information Bulletins • Advisory Circulars © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Regulatory Flexibility • Deviation • Waiver • Authorization • Exemption © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Three Related, Required Certification • Type certificate (type design certificate approval) • Design organization approval • Production organization approval © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Certification Process APPLICATION CERTIFICATION BASIS SUBMISSION OF REPORTS AA EVALUATION RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST •Analyses TYPE CERTIFICATION •Structural Test •Flight Test •Flight Manual etc.... APPLICATION CERTIFICATION BASIS SUBMISSION OF REPORTS Agency EVALUATION RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST •Analyses TYPE CERTIFICATION •Structural Test •Flight Test •Flight Manual etc.... © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Certification Basis • Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at Change 16] – Reversions [Use of ‘older’ reqs.] – ‘Special Conditions’ (Novel design features [CCD], Unconventional use [Steep Appr.], General experience [HIRF]) – Exemptions [Non-applic. of req.] – ‘Equivalent Safety Findings’ [Not specified AMC] – Environmental Standards [Noise & emissions] • Elect to Comply Requirements © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Certification Code Layout & Content (JAR25) • General • Flight (Perf., Contr.& Manoeuv., Trim, Stab., Stalls, Gnd.Hndl., Misc.) • Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond., Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue) • Design & construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.&Cargo Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.) • Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.&Access.) • Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.) • Operating Limitations & information (AFM, ..)
2018/4/27 Type Certification Content 圈上活文大学 Compliance Demonstration 国上游大峰 Introduction Avionics Load cases/design cases General design requirements ·Analysis Geometric characteristics communican -Aerodynamic Aerodynamics Flight control and flight deck Airframe loading Structural criteria Systems safety (FMEA/SSA) Weight and balance Env ironmental cont Test Performance Ground(Structural,function&reliablity,ground vibration test) Airframe Flight(Performance,handling,flutter) Servicing Piloted flight simulators-steadily increasing Landing Gear Airport compatibility Power plant and fuel systems 。 Exceptions to regulations Hydraulic and Electrical systems Wenbin Song Examples from JAR 25(CCAR 25)- 国上活大学 Examples from JAR 25(CCAR 25)- (I) 圈上游大学 .Structure Seat and Hamness Provision-JAR 25.785 -JAR 25.303 Factor of safety idedoraupant wh has reached his JAR 25.341 Gust and turbulence loads ight of 170 poun thedaa in g that the critical load in the Shanghal Jao Tong Unversy-Dr.Wenbin Song Examples from JAR 25(CCAR 25)- 国上活我大华 Aircraft Evacuation Test (III) 国上清充大坐 Evacuation test (JAR 25.803) -In artide (h) At lexst 4056 at the nsrrenger inad must he female At least 35%of the passenger load must be over 50 years of age At least 15%of the passenger load must be female and over 50 years of age d,m Crew me re Pictures from flightglobalcom and comac.cc Shanghal Jao Tong Universny-Dt.Wentin Song hai Hao Tor 9
2018/4/27 4 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Type Certification Content • Introduction • General design requirements • Geometric characteristics • Aerodynamics • Structural criteria • Weight and balance • Performance • Airframe • Landing Gear • Power plant and fuel systems • Hydraulic and Electrical systems • Avionics • Instruments and communications • Flight control and flight deck • Passenger cabin layouts • Environmental control systems • Safety systems and emergency exits • Servicing • Airport compatibility • Exceptions to regulations © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Compliance Demonstration • Load cases/design cases • Analysis – Aerodynamic – Airframe loading – Systems safety (FMEA/SSA) • Test – Ground (Structural, function & reliability, ground vibration test) – Flight (Performance, handling, flutter) – Piloted flight simulators – steadily increasing © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Examples from JAR 25 (CCAR 25) – (I) • Structure – JAR 25.303 Factor of safety • Unless otherwise specified, a factor of safety of 1.5 must be applied to the prescribed limit load which are considered external loads on the structure. … – JAR 25.341 Gust and turbulence loads • The reference gust velocity applies, … at aeroplane design speed, positive and negative gusts with reference gusts velocities of 17.07m/s EAS must be considered at sea level, …13.41 m/s… at 15000 feet, …7.92m/s … at 50000 feet © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Examples from JAR 25 (CCAR 25) – (II) • Seat and Harness Provision – JAR 25.785 – (a) A seat must be provided for each occupant who has reached his or her second birthday. – (f) Each seat must designed for an occupant weight of 170 pounds, considering the maximum load factor…, (1) the structural analysis of the seats may be determined by assuming that the critical load in the forward, sideward, downward, upward, and rearward directions… © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Examples from JAR 25 (CCAR 25) – (III) • Evacuation test (JAR 25.803) – In article (h) • At least 40% of the passenger load must be female • At least 35% of the passenger load must be over 50 years of age • At least 15%of the passenger load must be female and over 50 years of age • Three life-size dolls, not included as part of the total passenger load, must be carried by passengers to simulate live infants 2 years old or younger • Crew members, etc., ... may not be used as passengers © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Evacuation Test Pictures from flightglobal.com and comac.cc
2018/4/27 Compliance demonstration 'Compliance checklist' 圆上活发大学 Compliance 'finding' 国上游大峰 申请人责任 局方责任 .Why? -Independentcheck(on whether complianceachieved) -Legal'finding'requirement 山 How? -Reliance(where appropriate)on organisation's'approval' Aircraft certification example 国上活大学 国上萧夫大学 STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE N12345 Boeing 747-400 197142 Transport AIRCRAFT NOISE CERTIFICATION 112992 "Jofin Q.Publican 0 P DMIR ANM 1234 FAA Fom.8109-2 Shanghar a TongUnlversy-Dr.Wenbn Song Aircraft Noise Certification 圆上清天大学 ICAO Noise Standards 国上清充大坐 1960-65,increased awareness due to huge noise by first Timeline of ICAO noise standards generation jet powered aircraft -Jet Aircraft,~1972/Chapter2,1977/Chapter 3,2001 for 2006/Chapter Sixteenth session of the ICAO assembly,Sept 1968,then Special 4 meeting 1969 -Light propeller aircraft,1975/Chapter 6,1988/Chapter 10, The ICAO Annex 16(first edition)applicable 6 January 1972. 1993/Chapter 11,1999/Chapter 10 (increasing stringency) Applicable first to subsonic airplane with MTOW>34t(1969),then -Heavy propeller aircraft,1977/Chapter 5 all airplanes with MTOW>34t (1973),then to all airplanes (1974) Jets-increase of stringency,1977/Chapter 3 Helicopters,1981/Chapter8,1985/Chapter8(relaxation) 2002/Chapter 8811 (increasing stringency) -Harmonization with FAR 36,1999 Guidance on tilt-rotor aircraft noise,2001 rsny-Dt.Wentin Song -Dr.Wenhin Song 5
2018/4/27 5 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Compliance demonstration ‘Compliance checklist’ 申请人责任 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Compliance ‘finding’ • Why? – Independent check (on whether compliance achieved) – Legal ‘finding’ requirement • How? – Sample – Reliance (where appropriate) on organisation’s ‘approval’ 局方责任 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft certification example © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIRCRAFT NOISE CERTIFICATION © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aircraft Noise Certification • 1960-65, increased awareness due to huge noise by first generation jet powered aircraft • Sixteenth session of the ICAO assembly, Sept 1968, then Special meeting 1969 • The ICAO Annex 16 (first edition) applicable 6 January 1972. • Applicable first to subsonic airplane with MTOW>34t (1969), then all airplanes with MTOW>34t (1973), then to all airplanes (1974) © Shanghai Jiao Tong University – Dr. Wenbin Song School of Aeronautics and Astronautics ICAO Noise Standards • Timeline of ICAO noise standards – Jet Aircraft, ~1972/Chapter 2, 1977/Chapter 3, 2001 for 2006/Chapter 4 – Light propeller aircraft, 1975/Chapter 6, 1988/Chapter 10, 1993/Chapter 11, 1999/Chapter 10 (increasing stringency) – Heavy propeller aircraft, 1977/Chapter 5 – Jets – increase of stringency, 1977/Chapter 3 – Helicopters, 1981/Chapter 8, 1985/Chapter 8 (relaxation), 2002/Chapter 8&11 (increasing stringency) – Harmonization with FAR 36, 1999 – Guidance on tilt-rotor aircraft noise, 2001