Chapter 14 The Chemistry of Drugs
Chapter 14 The Chemistry of Drugs
The medicinal use of plants has been discovered more than 2000 years ago. Greek physician Dioscorides described the use of opium, in which morphine is the main component In 1806, morphine was isolated from opium In 1820, quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree In 1860s, Pasteur discovered bacteria and phenol and related compounds started to be used to prevent bacteria infection In 1930s, sulfur-containing compounds known as surfa drugs were developed In 1939, penicillin(antibiotic) was found Today, there are more than 25,000 prescription (关8(处方药)and30000 escription drugs dru 方药)
• The medicinal use of plants has been discovered more than 2000 years ago. Greek physician Dioscorides described the use of opium, in which morphine is the main component. • In 1806, morphine was isolated from opium. • In 1820, quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree. • In 1860s, Pasteur discovered bacteria and phenol and related compounds started to be used to prevent bacteria infection. • In 1930s, sulfur-containing compounds known as surfa drugs were developed. • In 1939, penicillin (antibiotic) was found. • Today, there are more than 25,000 prescription drugs (处方药) and 300,000 nonprescription drugs (非处方药)
14.1 Drugs are classified by safety, social acceptability, origin, and biological activity Classified according to safety and social acceptability U.S. Drug Enforce me nt Agency Classification of Drugs Classification Description Examples Over-the-counter (OTC) Available to anyone Aspirin, cough me dicines Permitted nonmedical drugs Available in food beverage and tobacco products Alcohol caffeine. nicotine Prescribe drugs Requires physician authorization Antibiotics, birth control pills Control substance Schedule 1 No medical use, high abuse potential Heroine, LSD, mescaline, marijuana Schedule 2 Some medical use, high abuse potential Amphe tamine, cocaine, morphine, codeine Schedule 3 Prescription drugs, abuse potential Barbiturates. valium Most drugs exhibit a broad spectrum of activity. Aspirin relieves pain reduces fever and inflammation thins the blood, causes ringing in the ears
14.1 Drugs are classified by safety, social acceptability, origin, and biological activity • Classified according to safety and social acceptability Most drugs exhibit a broad spectrum of activity. Aspirin relieves pain, reduces fever and inflammation, thins the blood, causes ringing in the ears. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency Classification of Drugs Classification Description Examples Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs Available to anyone Aspirin, cough medicines Permitted nonmedical drugs Available in food beverage and tobacco products Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine Prescribe drugs Requires physician authorization Antibiotics, birth control pills Control substance Schedule 1 No medical use, high abuse potential Heroine, LSD, mescaline, marijuana Schedule 2 Some medical use, high abuse potential Amphetamine, cocaine, morphine, codeine Schedule 3 Prescription drugs, abuse potential Barbiturates, valium
Classified according to origi Table 14.2 The Origin of Some Common Drug Origin Dr吗g Biological effect Natural product Caffeine Nerve stimulant Reserpine Hypertension reducer Vincristine Anticancer agent Penicilline Antibiotic Morphine analgesic Chemical derivative of natural Prednisone Antirheumatic product Ampicillin Antibiot LSD Hallucinogenic Chloroquinine Antimalarial Ethynodiol Contraceptive diacetate Synthetic Valium Antide pressant Benadryl Antihistamine Allo barbital Sedative-hypl Phencyclidine Veterinary anesthetic methadone analgesic
Classified according to origin Table 14.2 The Origin of Some Common Drug Origin Drug Biological Effect Natural product Caffeine Reserpine Vincristine Penicilline Morphine Nerve stimulant Hypertension reducer Anticancer agent Antibiotic analgesic Chemical derivative of natural product Prednisone Ampicillin LSD Chloroquinine Ethynodiol diacetate Antirheumatic Antibiotic Hallucinogenic Antimalarial Contraceptive Synthetic Valium Benadryl Allobarbital Phencyclidine methadone Antidepressant Antihistamine Sedative-hypnotic Veterinary anesthetic analgesic
14.2 The Lock-and-Key Model guides chemists in synthesizing new drugs HaC O—H T-shaped three dimensional structure found in all opioids morphine O-H N N HiC O-CH wo H3C CH O一C codeine O一CH3 heroine CHa all drugs that act like morphine have the same basic three-dimensional shape as morphine
14.2 The Lock-and-Key Model guides chemists in synthesizing new drugs all drugs that act like morphine have the same basic three-dimensional shape as morphine T-shaped three dimensional structure found in all opioids morphine codeine heroine