National Survey on Drug Use and Health The NSDUH Report Nonmedical Oxycodone Users: uary21,2005 Flgure 1.Percentages of Lifetime Heroln Users Flgure 2.Percentages of Llfetlme Heroln Users and/or Nonmedlcal Oxycodone Users,by Gender: and/or Lifetime Nonmedical Oxycodone Users,by 2002and2003 Race/Ethniclty:2002 and 2003 ■White Black or African American Other Race/Ethinicity Male 100% Female 100%- 90.6 91.3 809% 80% 68.9 69.3 65.7 609% 56.3 60% 43.7 40% 31.1 30.7 40% 26.8 209% 20% 5.93.5 7.5 4.93.8 0a 0% Heroin and Heroin-Only Nonmedical Heroin and Heroin-Only Nonmedical Nonmedical Users Oxycodone-Only Nonmedical Users Oxycodone-Only Oxycodone Users Users Oxycodone Users Users
Nonmedical Oxycodone Users:
National Survey on Drug Use and Health The NSDUH Report January 21.2005 Flgure 3.Percentages of Lifetime Heroln Users Flgure 4.Percentages of Lifetime Heroin Users and/or Lifetime Nonmedical Oxycodone Users,by and/or Lifetime Nonmedical Oxycodone Users,by Age Category:2002 and 2003 Annual Family Income Level:2002 and 2003 ■Less Than$20.000 ■Aged12to34 ■$20,000to$49.999 ■S50.000 or More 100%7 ■Aged35 or Older 100%1 80% 74.0 80%- 63.5 60% 56.6 60%- 43.4 40% 36.5 40% 39.136.0 31.532.735.8 8.023 26.0 24.9 19.7 20% 20% 0% 0% Heroin and Heroin-Only Nonmedical Heroin and Heroin-Only Nonmedical Nonmedical Users Oxycodone-Only Nonmedical Users Oxycodone-Only Oxycodone Users Users Oxycodone Users Users
Some Aldehydes and Ketones Rod cells in the human eye. H3C CH3 CH3 Inset:a model of 11-cis-retinal,an oxidized form of vitamin A. For the reaction of 11-cis-retinal with opsin to form visual purple Photomicrograph of rod and cone cells in the retina. All known image-resolving eyes and,indeed,all known visual systems in nature use a single molecule,cis-retinal, for light detection.Absorption of a photon isomerizes the cis double bond to trans.The accompanying massive change in overall molecular geometry is responsible for triggering the nerve impulse that is perceived as vision. Cis-Trans Isomerization with Light cis alkene bond Cis-retinal 4∩ Light Wave Trans-retinal trans alkene LIBRARY bond C.Ophard.o 2003
Rod cells in the human eye. Inset: a model of 11-cis-retinal, an oxidized form of vitamin A. For the reaction of 11-cis-retinal with opsin to form visual purple。 Photomicrograph of rod and cone cells in the retina. All known image-resolving eyes and, indeed, all known visual systems in nature use a single molecule, cis-retinal, for light detection. Absorption of a photon isomerizes the cis double bond to trans. The accompanying massive change in overall molecular geometry is responsible for triggering the nerve impulse that is perceived as vision. Some Aldehydes and Ketones
Some Aldehydes and Ketones HO CN The millipede Apheloria corrugata secretes a mixture of HCN and benzaldehyde to prevent other animals from eating it.The millipede Benzaldehyde is found in the stores mandelonitrile (benzaldehyde cyanohydrin)in a reservoir.When kemels of bitter almonds. attacked,it discharges mandelonitrile through a reaction chamber Cinnamaldehyde is found in containing enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the cyanohydrin to Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon oils benzaldehyde and HCN. Organic chemistry-structure and function,K.Peter C.Vollhardt-2011 OH OH OH Nitrilase COOH +2H20 (R.S)-Mandelonitrile (S)-(+)-Mandelonitrile (R)-(-)-Mandelic acid Chemical equilibrium CHO HCN Benzaldehyd
Some Aldehydes and Ketones 千足虫 The millipede Apheloria corrugata secretes a mixture of HCN and benzaldehyde to prevent other animals from eating it. The millipede stores mandelonitrile (benzaldehyde cyanohydrin) in a reservoir. When attacked, it discharges mandelonitrile through a reaction chamber containing enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the cyanohydrin to benzaldehyde and HCN. Organic chemistry-structure and function,K.Peter C.Vollhardt—2011
Some Aldehydes and Ketones 对叔丁基苯丙醛（波吉洪醛，Bourgeonal) 香味分子激活 The biochemistry of the 精子闻香识卵子 reproductive process includes a mechanism by which sperm (photo)are selected for fertilization by their ability to "smell"a nearby egg.The aldehyde bourgeonal,shown here, activates this ability,whereas the straight-chain 11-carbon aldehyde, undecanal,shuts it down. Science,2003 Nature 2011http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4fd644c90102dwnn.html 2012?232 Does Lily of the Valley Act as a Sex Attractant? http://perfumeshrine.blogspot.com/2010/04/does-lily-of-valley-act-as-sex.html
The biochemistry of the reproductive process includes a mechanism by which sperm (photo) are selected for fertilization by their ability to “smell” a nearby egg. The aldehyde bourgeonal, shown here, activates this ability, whereas the straight-chain 11-carbon aldehyde, undecanal, shuts it down. 精子闻香识卵子 Science，2003； Nature，2011； 2012？？？？ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4fd644c90102dwnn.html Does Lily of the Valley Act as a Sex Attractant? http://perfumeshrine.blogspot.com/2010/04/does-lily-of-valley-act-as-sex.html Some Aldehydes and Ketones 对叔丁基苯丙醛(波吉洪醛, Bourgeonal ） 香味分子激活