Theories of Learning经典条件反射Classical ConditioningAtype of conditioningin which anindividual responds to some stimulus thatwould not ordinarily produce such aresponseKey Concepts&Unconditioned stimulus&UnconditionedresponseConditioned stimulusConditioned response
Theories of Learning Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Classical Conditioning 经典条件反射 A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response
Theories of Learning (cont'd)操作条件反射Operant ConditioningAtype of conditioning in which desiredvoluntarybehaviorleads to a reward orprevents a punishmentKeyConceptsReflexive(unlearned)behaviorConditioned(learned)behaviorReinforcement
Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Reflexive (unlearned) behavior Conditioned (learned) behavior Reinforcement Operant Conditioning 操作条件反射 A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment
Theories of Learning (cont'd)社会学习理论Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observation anddirect experienceKey ConceptsAttentionalprocessesRetention processesMotorreproductionprocessesReinforcementprocesses
Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes Social-Learning Theory 社会学习理论 People can learn through observation and direct experience
Theories of Learning (cont'd)Shaping BehaviorSystematicallyreinforcing each successivestep that moves an individual closer to thedesiredresponseKeyConceptsReinforcement is reguired to change behaviorSome rewards are more effective than othersThe timing of reinforcement affects learning speedandpermanence
Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence. Shaping Behavior Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response
Typesof ReinforcementPositivereinforcementProviding a reward for a desired behaviorNegative reinforcementRemoving an unpleasant consequence when the desiredbehavior occursPunishmentApplying an undesirable condition to eliminateanundesirablebehavionExtinctionWithholding reinforcement of a behavior to causeitscessation
Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior Negative reinforcement Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs Punishment Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation