C2Ha 一H sp2 hybridize the carbon: Sp2 Sp2 Px Q+ SD2 Notice there is an extra p orbital that is not involved in hybridization: Sp2 sp Sp2 Sp2 SD Sp2 X-11
C2H4 sp2 hybridize the carbon: Notice there is an extra p orbital that is not involved in hybridization: sp2 sp2 sp2 p sp2 sp2 sp2 px px py pz px C C H H H H sp2 sp2 sp p 2 XI-11
C2Ha For now,we will de-emphasize the p orbital. H Sp2 Sp2 sp2 Add hydrogen: Do the same for the other C: X-12
H C C H H H H C2H4 For now, we will de-emphasize the p orbital. sp2 sp2 sp2 p p Add hydrogen: H Do the same for the other C: H p H XI-12
C2Hg Now bond the two C together: Notice that the two sp2 orbitals form a o orbital that is rotationally symmetric 0* 1c 2sp2 60 2sp2 X-13
C C H H H H C2H4 H p H H p H Now bond the two C together: Notice that the two sp2 orbitals form a σ orbital that is rotationally symmetric. H p H H p H 2sp2 σ* σb C 2sp2 C XI-13
C2Hg H H Count the bonding e around each carbon: left C right C 1- 1 1 1 3 3 left over:1 left over:1 But each C has 4 e!What do we do with the extras? X-14
C2H4 p p Count the bonding e- around each carbon: left C 1 1 1 3 + right C 1 1 1 3 + But each C has 4 e- ! What do we do with the extras? e- eleft over: 1 left over: 1 C C H H H H XI-14
C2Ha ∠H H Let's re-emphasize the p orbitals: p p H The p orbitals can combine,forming aa bond: 2pz Jb 2p2 X-15
C2H4 H p H H p H Letʼs re-emphasize the p orbitals: The p orbitals can combine, forming a π bond: H H H H H p H H p H 2pz π* πb C C 2pz C C H H H H XI-15