简单混合物 Simple mixtures偏摩尔体积 Partial molar VolumeⅤ≠V1+Ⅴ2Partial molar volume of substance a in a mixture is the change involume per mole of a added to the large volume of the mixture

相律 Phase Rules Phase diagrams are extremely useful for systems with multiple components, and serve to describe physical and chemical equilibria over range of different compositions, as well as points where substances are mutually miscible, or even when a system has to be brought to a specific set of conditions for equilbrium to exist(e.g., pressure

Measurement of Work to determine the \direction\ of a process: \direction\--spontaneous--irreversible --non-spontaneous-- reversible --equilibrium

热力学定律— Helmholtz and Gibbs energies Consider a system in thermal equilibrium with surroundings, at temp. T For change in the system with transfer of heat, the Clausius inequality is

1 理想气体状态方程 perfect gas equation pV= constant×nT=nRT

热力学第一定律 热化学(ThermoChemistry) 1.吸热反应&放热反应 2.标准态:指定温度(通常是298.15K),一个标准大气压 标准焓变ΔH°:变化前后物质都处于标准态. 3.热化学方程式:注明状态 标准摩尔焓变△Hm;标准反应焓变ΔrH°

pV= constant×nT=nRT gas constant R=8.31451JK-1 mol-1 perfect gas equation Ideal Gas State Equation

The rate theory of unimolecular reaction 单分子反应速率理论 Mechanism of Complex reactions 复杂反应

Theories of elementary reaction Simple Collision theory (SCT) for bimolecular reactions Transition state theory (TST) for bimolecular reactions

1. Reaction Rate & Rate Equation 2. Theoretical Consideration – SCT & TST 3. Microscopic Mechanism