At the beginning of the 20th century diabetic women suffered from- infetility, and the rare women achieving pregnancy faced a poor prognosis. Maternal death'was a real threat,and perinatal survival a more 40 percent

一、早产:28周〈37周 二、足月产:37周-〈42周 三、过期产:〉或=42周

MENOPAUSE 1. The cessation of menses is menopause. The climacteric and perimenopausal are the periods of waning ovarian function

第一节孕妇监护 一、产前检查的时间 二、首次产前检查

外阴及阴道的自然防御功能 两侧大阴唇自然合拢,遮掩阴道口、尿道口 由于盆底肌的作用,阴道口闭合,阴道前后壁紧 贴,可以防止外界的污染。经产妇的阴道松弛, 这种防御功能较差 ·阴道自净作用阴道上皮在卵巢分泌的雌激素影 响下增生变厚,增加对病原体侵人的抵抗力,同 时上皮细胞中含有丰富糖原,在乳杆菌(优势菌) 作用下分解为乳酸,维持阴道正常的酸性环境 (pH≤4.5,多在3.8~4.4),使适应于弱碱性环境 中繁殖的病原体受到抑制

Definition Fetal distress is defined as depletion of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide,leading to a state of \hypoxia and acidosis during intra-uterine life

Major causes of death for pregnancy women ( maternal mortality) Postpartum hemorrhage (28%) · heart diseases pregnancy-induced hypertension (or Amniotic fluid embolism) infection

定义 fetal distress: 胎儿在宫内有缺氧征象危及胎 儿健康和生命者.是一种综合症 状,是剖宫产的适应证之一

病因 一、遗传基因缺陷 二、环境因素 三、母体因素 四、胎盘内分泌功能不足 五、免疫因素

epidemiology Labor and delivery between28-36+6 weeks 5%-10% be the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality Survival rates have increased and morbidity has decreased because of technologic advances