Effects of glucocorticoid Effects on metabolism Effects on immunologic function and inflammatory Effects on musculoskeletal and connective tissues Effects on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis Neuropsychiatric and behavioral effects Gastrointestinal effects Developmental effects

病因(Etiologe) Primery Glomerular Diseases (60%) Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis *Tubulointerstitial Diseases chronic pyelonephritis chronic interstitialnephritis Polycystic Kidney Disease SLE

一、上尿路感染(肾盂肾炎) 二、下尿路感染(膀胱炎)

DEFINITIONS AND INCIDENCE Acute renal failure (ARF) is a syndrome characterized by rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate(GFR) and retention of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine

CU-皿C、红东祖C proerythroblast(原始RBC) Basophilic normoblast(早幼rC) Polychromatic mormoblast(中幼RBC) Orthrochromatic normoblast(晚幼RBC)此 阶段脱核进入血循环 Reticulocyte(网织RBC) 经特殊染色见到丝状或网状结构,保留残余线 粒体和核糖,仍有继续合成Hb的能力(从早幼 RBC开始)

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

一 、概述: Summary 十二指肠溃疡 Duodenal ulcer,Du 胃溃疡 Gastric ulcer, Gu

1.风湿性疾病 英: rheumatic diseases 日:宀了千性疾患 2.弥漫性结缔组织病 yi: diffuse connective tissue diseases dCtD 日:广泛性结合组织病

1.RA的基本病理改变是什么? 2.RA慢性期有何病理改变?此期关节炎有何表现?

Concept: systemic blood pressure increased, target organ damaged (brain, heart, eye, kidney, vessel), metabolism changed 线· Essential hypertension(ET: un known cause, 95%, hypertensive disease. Secondary hypertension(ST): known cause, 1 5%