系统发育学研究的是进化关系,系统发育分析就是要推断或者评估这些进化关系。通过系统 发育分析所推断出来的进化关系一般用分枝图表(进化树)来描述,这个进化树就描述了同 一谱系的进化关系,包括了分子进化(因树)、物种进化以及分子进化和物种进化的综 合。因为 cl ade这个词(拥有共同祖先的同一谱系)在希腊文中的本意是分支,所以系统 发育学有时被称为遗传分类学(cl adi sti cs)。在现代系统发育学研究中,研究的重点已经不 再是生物的形态学特征或者其他特性,而是生物大分子尤其是序列

本章将集中介绍生物信息学中生物分子结构的有关内容,并将研究重点放在三维结构实际存 在的氨基酸序列上,力图使读者了解结构数据库记录的内容及如何合理应用各类通用软件程 序处理这类记录。本章不涉及结构生物学家们建立三维分子结构的计算程序,也不讨论相似 蛋白质构象的精细结构。在本章参考书目后列出了一些优秀的讨论蛋白质构象的有关专著和 蛋白质结构决定方法

在生物学的研究中,有一个常用的方法,就是通过比较分析获取有用的信息和知识。达尔文正 是研究比较了 gal pagos finches同其它一些物种的形态学特征,从而提出了自然选择学说 今天,我们对基因和蛋白质序列进行比较,从本质上来讲是同达尔文一样,进行同样的分 析,只不过更加精细,更加详尽。在这个意义上,我们从核酸以及氨基酸的层次去分析序列 的相同点和不同点,以期能够推测它们的结构、功能以及进化上的联系。最常用的比较方法 是序列比对,它为两个或更多个序列的残基之间的相互关系提供了一个非常明确的图谱

随着硏究者可用的序列与结枃信息的爆炸式增长,生物信息学领域,或更精确地说是计算生 物学领域,在基础生物医疗问题的研究中起着越来越大的作用。计算生物学家面临的挑战, 尤其是由人类基因组计划以及其它测序工作生成的大量数据带来的挑战,将对发现基因和设 计分子模型、定点突变,以及其它有可能发现基因与蛋白质的结构与功能的未知关系的实验 有所帮助

目录 译者序 编者序 1.因特网与生物学家 1.1因特网基础 1.2与因特网连接 1.3电子邮件 1.4文件传输协议 1. 5 GOPHER

ART TK used to unravel involve of the immune mental conditions. Ho of unknown add ambiguity to the in of lymphocytes quently repea Addition of Expression Profile of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. plified to the extent that

has declined become the se led only by heart di person in three in the that one in five will die spective, cancer cells ca ch ing particular a Cancerous melanoma cells. nized by the ir d cers Cancer: Origin and Terminology The final section des

immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another. The desire to accomplish transplants stems from the realization that many diseases can be cured by implantation of a healthy organ, tissue, or cells(a graft)from one individual (the donor)to another in need of the transplant(the recipient or

realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes

lure can have dire consequences. Nude Mouse (nu/nu) elf and begins to attack hich is Primary Immunodeficiencies AIDS and Other Acquired or Secondary Immunodeficiencies at birth differentiated from immunodeficiencies in which the non- specific mediators of innate immunity, such as phagocytes or ed. Immunodeficiencies are conve- by the type or the developmental stage of overall cellular de g the locations of prevennon stra