太平天国战争与汉人督抚的媚起 Figure 2:Bureaucratic sanctions and internal conflicts 8 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 year year Average ratio of sanction for provincial governors Average ratio of promotion for provincial governors Number of internal conflicts Number of internal conflicts Notes:In both graphs,the y-axis on the rights indicates the total number of internal conflicts in all provinces.In the left panel,the y-axis on the left indicates the average chance of sanction (removal or demotion),and the y- axis on the right shows the average chance of promotion.All lines are lowess smoothed. Xi Tianyang,"All the Emperor's Men?Conflicts and Power-sharing in Imperial China"2018.Comparative Political Studies.Forthcoming
• Xi Tianyang, “All the Emperor’s Men? Conflicts and Power-sharing in Imperial China” 2018. Comparative Political Studies. Forthcoming
总督、巡抚s大学士、军机处 Figure 3:The changes in the ratios of Han officials and internal conflicts nationwide 8 8 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 year year ratio-Han Governors-general -----ratio-Han Governors ratio-Han grand secretariats---ratio-Han grand council members Number-internal conflicts Number-internal conficts Notes:In both panels,the y-axis on the left indicates the ratio of Han bureaucrats,and the y-axis on the rights indicates the total number of internal conflicts in all provinces.In the left panel,the solid line corresponds to Han governors-general,the dashed line corresponds to Han governors.In the right panel,the solid line corresponds to Han grand secretariats,and the dashed line corresponds to Han grand council members.All lines are lowess smoothed
内战：能力、忠诚与升迁 Figure 4:Distribution of personnel appointments Appointments (1,546) Conflicts No conflicts (152) (1413) Han Manchu Han Manchu (129) (23) (983) (430) 八N Promote Not promote Promote Not promote Promote Not promote Promote Not promote (91) (38) (17) (6) (512) (471) (194 (236)
太平天国之后洋务运动的开启 中学为体、西学为用（张之洞《劝学篇·设学》） 师夷长技以制夷（魏源《海国图志》） https://sv.baidu.com/videoui/page/videoland?pd=bih&context=%22nid%22:%228547149 559802941300%22,%22sourceFrom%22:%22bih%221&fr=bihauthor&type=video
• 中学为体、西学为用（张之洞《劝学篇·设学》 ） • 师夷长技以制夷（魏源《海国图志》 ） 9 https://sv.baidu.com/videoui/page/videoland?pd=bjh&context={%22nid%22:%228547149 559802941300%22,%22sourceFrom%22:%22bjh%22}&fr=bjhauthor&type=video
粱肩超：《李鸿章传》 效 章之才， 要纂黄位 惜李鸿章之识， 吾悲李鸿章之遇 洲步 叩之曰： 为 ,欲为国家有所尽力。而满廷意见与已不 肘，此而欲行麻， 其道何由？”俾斯 合麦李居如度矣日吾观者 ,应鸿枢之末 臣掣曰 首在得君。得君既专，何事不可为 譬有人于此，其君无论何人之 听之， 侍近习者，常假威福， 挟持大局。若 处此 俾斯麦良久目：“苟为大臣，以至诚 有不能格君心者，唯与妇人冬子共事， 则无如 当国何 注：此语据西报译出，寻常华文所登于星轺 鸣 因有所总讳不敢译录也。)李默然云。 而知李鸿章胸中块垒，牢骚郁抑，有非旁 人所能喻者。吾之所以责李者在此，吾之所以恕李 亦在此
• 吾敬李鸿章之才，吾惜李鸿章之识，吾悲李鸿章之遇。 李之历聘欧洲也，至德见前宰相俾斯麦，叩之曰： “为大臣者，欲为国家有所尽力。而满廷意见与己不 合，群掣其肘，于此而欲行厥志，其道何由？”俾斯 麦应之曰： “首在得君。得君既专，何事不可为？ ” 李鸿章曰： “譬有人于此，其君无论何人之言皆听之， 居枢要侍近习者，常假威福，挟持大局。若处此者当 如之何？”俾斯麦良久曰： “苟为大臣，以至诚忧国， 度末有不能格君心者，唯与妇人女子共事，则无如何 矣。 ”（注：此语据西报译出，寻常华文所登于星轺 日记者，因有所忌讳不敢译录也。）李默然云。呜呼！ 吾观于此，而知李鸿章胸中块垒，牢骚郁抑，有非旁 观 人所能喻者。吾之所以责李者在此，吾之所以恕李 者亦在此