Second position U C G UUU UCU UAU UGU U Phe UUC UCC UAC ser lUGC/ys UUA UCA UAA Stop UGA Stop A UCG AG Stop UGG Trp G CUU CAU CGU CUC CAC CGC Leu Pro Arg CUA CCA CGA GIn UCAG SCUG CCG CAG CGG AUU ACU AAU AGU er AUC >le ACC AAC AGc Thr AUA ACA AAA AGA Arg ucAG let ACG AAG AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU Asp GUC GCC GAC GGC val ala GUA GCA GAA GGA Glu CAG GUG GCG GAG GG
3 Effect of mutation The grouping of synonymous codons means that the effects of mutations are minimized TTransitions(碱基转换) are where a purine is mutated into the other purine or pyrimidine is mutated into other pyrimidine transversions (碱基颠换) are where a purine changes to a pyrimidine or vice versa
The grouping of synonymous codons means that the effects of mutations are minimized. Transitions (碱基转换) are where a purine is mutated into the other purine, or pyrimidine is mutated into other pyrimidine . Transversions(碱基颠换) are where a purine changes to a pyrimidine or vice versa. 3 Effect of mutation
The effect of transition and transversion on specified amino acid ransition Transversion Third position no effect over half no effect except Met, Trp Second position effect on AA effect on both species only AA species and type irst position a similar type ofAA, in few cases, no effect on AA species like Leu, Arg, Ser
The effect of transition and transversion on specified amino acid Transition Transversion Third position no effect, over half no effect except Met, Trp Second position effect on AA effect on both species only AA species and type first position a similar type of AA, in few cases, no effect on AA species like Leu, Arg, Ser
4 The universality of genetic codons Until recentlv. the standard genetic code was considered universal however. some deviations are found in mitochondria and some unicellular
4 The universality of genetic codons Until recently, the standard genetic code was considered universal, however, some deviations are found in mitochondria and some unicellular
Codon Usual Use Alternate Use Where Alternate Use Occurs AGA Sto p Some animal mitochondria. some AGG protozoans AUA Met Mitochondria CGG 8 T Tt Plant mitochondria CUU Yeast mitochondria CUC CUA CUG AOU Start(N-fMet) Some prokaryotes GUG OUG eu UAA Stop u Some protozoans UAG OGA Stop Trp Mitochondria, mycoplasmas Selenocysteine E colr 硒代半胱氨酸 Depends on context of message, other factors
硒代半胱氨酸