跨文化交际 - Collectivism vs. Individualism

Collectivismvs.IndividualismIndividualismand collectivism are conflicting views ofthenature of humans,societyandtherelationshipbetweenthem

Collectivism vs. Individualism Individualism and collectivism are conflicting views of the nature of humans, society and the relationship between them

1.DefinitionsHow wouldyou defineindividualism?How wouldyou define collectivism?Give examplesto show yourunderstanding三ofindividualismandcollectivismHow to understand the term"in-group"?三Distinguish between collectivismand三egalitarianism

1. Definitions  How would you define individualism?  How would you define collectivism?  Give examples to show your understanding of individualism and collectivism  How to understand the term “in-group”?  Distinguish between collectivism and egalitarianism

Individualism:Gould and Kolb:belief thattheindividual isanendinhimself/herself,and assuchoughttorealizehis/herself and cultivatehis/herownjudgment,notwithstanding the weight ofpervasive social pressures in the directionofconformity.Individualism holds that theindividual is theprimary unit of reality and the ultimate standardof value.This viewdoesnotdenythatsocietiesexist orthat peoplebenefit from living in them,but it sees society as a collection of individualsnot something over and above them

 Individualism: ◼ Gould and Kolb: belief that the individual is an end in himself/herself, and as such ought to realize his/her self and cultivate his/her own judgment, notwithstanding the weight of pervasive social pressures in the direction of conformity. ◼ Individualism holds that the individual is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value. This view does not deny that societies exist or that people benefit from living in them, but it sees society as a collection of individuals, not something over and above them

Collectivism:greatemphasison二The views,needs,and goals of thein-groupratherthanofoneselfSocial norms and duty defined by the ingroup rather than behaviorto get pleasureBeliefs shared with in-group rather than onbeliefs that distinguish oneself from the ingroupGreat readiness to cooperate with in-groupmembersExtreme/basicindividualismExtreme/basiccollectivism

 Collectivism: great emphasis on ◼ The views, needs, and goals of the in-group rather than of oneself ◼ Social norms and duty defined by the in￾group rather than behavior to get pleasure ◼ Beliefs shared with in-group rather than on beliefs that distinguish oneself from the in￾group ◼ Great readiness to cooperate with in-group members Extreme/basic individualism Extreme/basic collectivism

Collectivismholdsthat thegroup--thenation日the community,theproletariat,the race,etc.-is the primary unit of reality and the ultimatestandardof value.This view does not deny the reality of the二individual.But ultimately,collectivismholdsthat one's identity is determined by the groupsone interacts with,that one'sidentity isconstitutedessentially of relationshipswithothers

 Collectivism holds that the group-the nation, the community, the proletariat, the race, etc.- is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value.  This view does not deny the reality of the individual. But ultimately, collectivism holds that one's identity is determined by the groups one interacts with, that one's identity is constituted essentially of relationships with others