华南农业大学学报 Journal of South China Agricultural University2020,41(3):23-30 DO:10.7671iss.1001-411X201908017 李等油菜水稻抢作模式下油菜季氨肥投入与水季氯肥运筹对杂交植光合生产力及产量的响华南农业大学20 Peng, YANG Zhiyuan, LI Na, et al. Eflects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season or notosynthetic productvity and yield of hybrid japonica rice under rape-rice rotation mode[J] Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2020, 41(3): 23- 油菜-水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮 肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响 马鹏,杨志远,李娜,李郁,吕旭,孙永健,马均 (四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,四川成都611130) 摘要:【目的】探索油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响,为水旱轮作模式下水稻 适宜的氮肥运筹方式提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以杂交籼稻‘F优498’为试验材料,研究油菜季2种氮肥投入 量(常规施氮:180kghm2,减量施氮:150kghm2)水稻季150kghm2施氮量基础上3种氮肥运筹模式[Ml-m(基 肥)m(分蘖肥∷m(穗肥)2:2:6,M2—m(基肥)m(分蘖肥)m(穗肥)=3:3:4,M3—m(基肥)m(分蘗肥)m(穗肥)=4:4:2] 对杂交稻光合特性、干物质积累与转运和产量的影响。【结果】相对于常规施氮,油菜季减量施氮影响了杂交稻齐穗 期光合特性但没有达到显著水平;水稻季M1、M2、M3处理杂交稻齐穗期和齐穗后15d的光合生产力均增加:油菜 季减量施氮和水稻季M3运筹模式杂交稻的光合速率增幅最大。油菜季减量施氮处理杂交稻齐穗期和成熟期茎鞘 干物质质量、转化率和产量均增加:水稻季Ml、M2、M3处理杂交稻齐穗期茎鞘干物质质量和产量增加:油菜季减量 氮和水稻季M3运筹方式干物质积累增幅最大。【结论】油菜季减量施氮和水稻季M3运筹方式可増强杂交稻生育 后期光合性能,提高杂交稻叶面积指数,增加杂交稻干物质积累与转运,从而提高杂交稻产量,为本研究最佳处理。 关键词:油菜-水稻轮作:减量施氮:氮肥运筹:光合速率;产量 中图分类号:S511 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-411X(2020)03-0023-08 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on photosynthetic productvity and yield of hybrid japonica rice under rape-rice rotation mode MA Peng, Y ANG Zhiyuan, LI Na, LI Yu, LU Xu, SUN Yongjian, MA Jun (Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China) Abstract: Objective] To explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on hybrid japonica rice photosynthetic productivity and yield, and provide a theoretical and practical basis for suitable nitrogen fertilizer operation mode of rice under paddy-upland rotation Method The hybrid japonica rice 'F you 498 was used as experimental material to investigate the effects of two nitrogen fertilizer application amounts (conventional nitrogen fertilizer application of 180 kg. hm, reduced nitrogen fertilizer application of 150 kg. hm ) in rape season and three nitrogen fertilizer management methods 收稿日期:201908-12网络首发时间:202004-22110034 网络首发地址htp/ kns cnki. net/kcms/detail/441110.020200421,1055016htm 作者简介:马鹏(1989—),男,博士研究生,E-mail:1163299054@qq.com;通信作者:马均(1963-),男 教授,博士,E-mail: majun2002@163com 基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0301202,2017YFD0301706,2017YFD0301701);四川省育种攻关专项 (2016NYZ0051)
马鹏, 杨志远, 李娜, 等. 油菜−水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响 [J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2020, 41(3): 23-30. MA Peng, YANG Zhiyuan, LI Na, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on photosynthetic productvity and yield of hybrid japonica rice under rape-rice rotation mode[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2020, 41(3): 23- 30. 油菜−水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮 肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响 马 鹏,杨志远,李 娜,李 郁,吕 旭,孙永健,马 均 (四川农业大学 水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611130) 摘要: 【目的】探索油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响,为水旱轮作模式下水稻 适宜的氮肥运筹方式提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以杂交籼稻‘F 优 498’为试验材料,研究油菜季 2 种氮肥投入 量 (常规施氮:180 kg·hm−2,减量施氮:150 kg·hm−2)、水稻季 150 kg·hm−2 施氮量基础上 3 种氮肥运筹模式 [M1—m(基 肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=2∶2∶6,M2—m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=3∶3∶4,M3—m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=4∶4∶2] 对杂交稻光合特性、干物质积累与转运和产量的影响。【结果】相对于常规施氮,油菜季减量施氮影响了杂交稻齐穗 期光合特性但没有达到显著水平;水稻季 M1、M2、M3 处理杂交稻齐穗期和齐穗后 15 d 的光合生产力均增加;油菜 季减量施氮和水稻季 M3 运筹模式杂交稻的光合速率增幅最大。油菜季减量施氮处理杂交稻齐穗期和成熟期茎鞘 干物质质量、转化率和产量均增加;水稻季 M1、M2、M3 处理杂交稻齐穗期茎鞘干物质质量和产量增加;油菜季减量 施氮和水稻季 M3 运筹方式干物质积累增幅最大。【结论】油菜季减量施氮和水稻季 M3 运筹方式可增强杂交稻生育 后期光合性能,提高杂交稻叶面积指数,增加杂交稻干物质积累与转运,从而提高杂交稻产量,为本研究最佳处理。 关键词: 油菜−水稻轮作;减量施氮;氮肥运筹;光合速率;产量 中图分类号: S511 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1001-411X(2020)03-0023-08 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on photosynthetic productvity and yield of hybrid japonica rice under rape-rice rotation mode MA Peng, YANG Zhiyuan, LI Na, LI Yu, LÜ Xu, SUN Yongjian, MA Jun (Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China) Abstract: 【Objective】To explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on hybrid japonica rice photosynthetic productivity and yield, and provide a theoretical and practical basis for suitable nitrogen fertilizer operation mode of rice under paddy-upland rotation. 【Method】The hybrid japonica rice ‘F you 498’ was used as experimental material to investigate the effects of two nitrogen fertilizer application amounts (conventional nitrogen fertilizer application of 180 kg·hm−2, reduced nitrogen fertilizer application of 150 kg·hm−2) in rape season and three nitrogen fertilizer management methods 收稿日期:2019–08–12 网络首发时间:2020–04–22 11:00:34 网络首发地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/44.1110.s.20200421.1055.016.html 作者简介:马 鹏 (1989—),男,博士研究生,E-mail: 1163299054@qq.com; 通信作者: 马 均 (1963—),男, 教授,博士,E-mail: majunp2002@163.com 基金项目:国家重点研发计划 (2018YFD0301202,2017YFD0301706,2017YFD0301701);四川省育种攻关专项 (2016NYZ0051) 华南农业大学学报 Journal of South China Agricultural University 2020, 41(3): 23-30 DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.201908017
华南农业大学学报(http://xuebao.scau.edu.cn/zr) 第41卷 based on 150 kg.hm- nitrogen fertilizer in rice season on photosynthetic characteristics, material accumulation and transport and yield of hybrid rice. The concrete nitrogen fertilizer management methods were MI( the mass ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 2:2:6), M2(the mass ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 3: 3: 4)and M3(the mass ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 4:4: 2). [Result] Compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizer application, reduced nitrogen fertilizer application affected photosynthetic characteristics of rice at full heading stage, but the effect was not significant. MI, M2 and M3 treatments increased photosynthetic productivity of rice at full heading stage and 15 days after full heading. The photosynthetic rate increased most in reduced nitrogen fertilizer application and M3 treatment. Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application increased rice stem-sheath dry mattar mass at full heading stage and maturity stage, conversion rate and yield. Ml, M2 and M3 increased rice stem-sheath dry mattar mass at full heading stage and yield. The highest increase of dry matter accumulation was in reduced nitrogen fertilizer application and M3 treatment. Conclusion] Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and M3 management method in rice season can improve rice yield by enhancing photosynthetic performance at late growth stage, increasing leaf area index, and promoting dry matter accumulation and transportation. It is the best treatment in this stud y words: rape-rice rotation; reduced nitrogen fertilizer application; nitrogen fertilizer management; photosynthe rate, yield 人口基数大、耕地资源少是我国的基本国情,的影响,为探索成都平原油菜-水稻轮作模式下适 预计在2030年我国人口将达到1473亿叫农作物宜的水稻氮肥运筹方式提供理论和实践依据。 产量只有在现有基础上继续提升才能实现粮食的 安全供给,提高粮食作物产量是解决我国人多地少1材料与方法 问题的主要途径。水稻作为我国四大粮食作物之1.1试验地情况 单产高出世界水平的65%以上,保证水稻的高 试验于2017-2018年在四川省成都市温江区 产和稳产对我国乃至世界粮食安全有重要作用。四川农业大学水稻研究所试验田(103.87°E 合理施用氮肥是保证水稻稳产、高产的栽培技术之30.71N)进行,供试土壤为砂壤土,种植油菜前 一。氮素是植株体内核酸、辅酶以及光合色素分020cm土层有机质2421gkg、全氮1.52gkg、 子等的重要组成成分,植株含氮量与光合速率密切碱解氮11693mgkg、速效磷23.79mgkg-、速效 相关,在一定的施氮量范围内水稻叶片含氮量和净钾4961mgkg、pH619。 光合速率随施氮量的增加而增加,叶片含氮量过高1,2试验设计与实施 光合速率降低。水稻生育后期适当施用氮肥可以 试验采用两因素裂区设计,主区为油菜季常规 延缓叶片衰老、延长光合作用时间。四川成都是 长江上游的主要稻作区,水旱轮作是成都平原的主 施氮(180kghm2)和减量施氮(150kghm2)2种氮 要种植模式,油菜季氮肥施用和水稻季氮肥管理的肥投入量,副区为水稻季在150kghm2施氮量的 栽培技术能否满足资源高效利用和实现水稻高产基础上设置3种运筹模式:m(基肥)m(分蘖肥) 尚不明确,前人的研究主要集中在水稻季的氮肥管m(穗肥)=2:6(M1)、m(基肥)m(分蘖肥):m(穗 理对杂交稻光合特性的影响,油菜季氮肥投入肥)=3:3:4M2)m(基肥)m分蘖肥)m(穗肥)=4:4 及水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交稻光合生产力及氮素利2(M3)。以副区不施氮处理(M0)为对照,共8个处 用的影响少有研究。因此,本研究以“F优49为理,3次重复。小区面积12.9m2,小区间筑埂(宽 试验材料,采用大田小区试验,在150kghm2施氮30cm、高40cm)并用塑料薄膜包裹,以防串水串 量基础上,研究油菜季2种氮肥投入和水稻季3种肥。油菜季氮、磷、钾质量配比为2:1:2,氮肥按基 氮肥配比运筹条件下杂交稻光合特性、物质生产能肥与追肥各占50%的比例配施,磷、钾肥全部作为 力以及氮素利用规律,明确油菜季氮肥投入及水稻基肥施用。水稻季氮、磷、钾质量配比为2:1:2, 季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻物质转运及氮素吸收利用磷肥(P2O3)75kghm2、钾肥(K2O)150kghm2全部
based on 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season on photosynthetic characteristics, material accumulation and transport and yield of hybrid rice. The concrete nitrogen fertilizer management methods were M1 (the mass ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 2∶2∶6), M2 (the mass ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 3∶3∶4) and M3 (the mass ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 4∶4∶2).【Result】Compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizer application, reduced nitrogen fertilizer application affected photosynthetic characteristics of rice at full heading stage, but the effect was not significant. M1, M2 and M3 treatments increased photosynthetic productivity of rice at full heading stage and 15 days after full heading. The photosynthetic rate increased most in reduced nitrogen fertilizer application and M3 treatment. Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application increased rice stem-sheath dry mattar mass at full heading stage and maturity stage, conversion rate and yield. M1, M2 and M3 increased rice stem-sheath dry mattar mass at full heading stage and yield. The highest increase of dry matter accumulation was in reduced nitrogen fertilizer application and M3 treatment.【Conclusion】Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and M3 management method in rice season can improve rice yield by enhancing photosynthetic performance at late growth stage, increasing leaf area index, and promoting dry matter accumulation and transportation. It is the best treatment in this study. Key words: rape-rice rotation; reduced nitrogen fertilizer application; nitrogen fertilizer management; photosynthetic rate; yield 人口基数大、耕地资源少是我国的基本国情, 预计在 2030 年我国人口将达到 14.73 亿[1] ,农作物 产量只有在现有基础上继续提升才能实现粮食的 安全供给,提高粮食作物产量是解决我国人多地少 问题的主要途径。水稻作为我国四大粮食作物之 一,单产高出世界水平的 65% 以上,保证水稻的高 产和稳产对我国乃至世界粮食安全有重要作用[2]。 合理施用氮肥是保证水稻稳产、高产的栽培技术之 一[3-5]。氮素是植株体内核酸、辅酶以及光合色素分 子等的重要组成成分,植株含氮量与光合速率密切 相关,在一定的施氮量范围内水稻叶片含氮量和净 光合速率随施氮量的增加而增加,叶片含氮量过高 光合速率降低[6-7]。水稻生育后期适当施用氮肥可以 延缓叶片衰老、延长光合作用时间[8-11]。四川成都是 长江上游的主要稻作区,水旱轮作是成都平原的主 要种植模式,油菜季氮肥施用和水稻季氮肥管理的 栽培技术能否满足资源高效利用和实现水稻高产 尚不明确,前人的研究主要集中在水稻季的氮肥管 理对杂交稻光合特性的影响[8, 10] ,油菜季氮肥投入 及水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交稻光合生产力及氮素利 用的影响少有研究。因此,本研究以‘F 优 498’为 试验材料,采用大田小区试验,在 150 kg·hm−2 施氮 量基础上,研究油菜季 2 种氮肥投入和水稻季 3 种 氮肥配比运筹条件下杂交稻光合特性、物质生产能 力以及氮素利用规律,明确油菜季氮肥投入及水稻 季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻物质转运及氮素吸收利用 的影响,为探索成都平原油菜−水稻轮作模式下适 宜的水稻氮肥运筹方式提供理论和实践依据。 1 材料与方法 1.1 试验地情况 试验于 2017—2018 年在四川省成都市温江区 四川农业大学水稻研究所试验田 (103.87°E, 30.71°N) 进行,供试土壤为砂壤土,种植油菜前 0~20 cm 土层有机质 24.21 g·kg–1、全氮 1.52 g·kg–1 、 碱解氮 116.93 mg·kg–1、速效磷 23.79 mg·kg–1、速效 钾 49.61 mg·kg–1 、pH 6.19。 1.2 试验设计与实施 试验采用两因素裂区设计,主区为油菜季常规 施氮 (180 kg·hm−2) 和减量施氮 (150 kg·hm−2)2 种氮 肥投入量,副区为水稻季在 150 kg·hm−2 施氮量的 基础上设置 3 种运筹模式:m(基肥)︰m(分蘖肥)︰ m(穗肥)=2︰2︰6(M1)、m(基肥)︰m(分蘖肥)︰m(穗 肥)=3︰3︰4(M2)、m(基肥)︰m(分蘖肥)︰m(穗肥)=4︰4︰ 2(M3)。以副区不施氮处理 (M0) 为对照,共 8 个处 理,3 次重复。小区面积 12.9 m2 ,小区间筑埂 (宽 30 cm、高 40 cm) 并用塑料薄膜包裹,以防串水串 肥。油菜季氮、磷、钾质量配比为 2︰1︰2,氮肥按基 肥与追肥各占 50% 的比例配施,磷、钾肥全部作为 基肥施用。水稻季氮、磷、钾质量配比为 2︰1︰2, 磷肥 (P2O5 )75 kg·hm−2、钾肥 (K2O)150 kg·hm−2 全部 24 华南农业大学学报 (http://xuebao.scau.edu.cn/zr) 第 41 卷
第3期马鹏,等:油菜-水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响25 作基肥施用,基肥在移栽前1天施入,分蘖肥于移用量,分别于倒4叶和倒2叶期施用。油菜收获后 栽后第7天施用,穗肥分促花肥和保花肥,相同施水稻田土壤理化性质如表1所示。 表1油菜收获后水稻田土壤理化性质 Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of paddy soil after harvesting rape 氮肥投入有机质/gkg)全氮/gkg)碱解氮/mgkg3)速效磷(mgkg)速效钾mgkg) Nitrogen fertilizer application Organic matter Total nitrogen Available nitrogen Available phosphorus Available potassium 常规施氮 12847a 65.86a Conventional nitroger fertilizer application 减量施氮 1.65b 117.36b 2503b 61.32b 6.15a Reduced nitrogen er application 列数据后的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05,L I)Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences(P<0.05, LSD method) 供试水稻品种为‘F优498’,该品种属籼型边行保护行,其余杂交稻植株均单打单收,晒干后 三系杂交水稻,抗逆性强,耐热性较弱,产量较高。折算成容许含水量13,5%记为实收产量 采用旱育秧,于2018年4月17日播种,5月23日1.4相关参数计算 人工移栽,单株种植,株行距为33cm×16.7cm,其 光合势=1/2(S1+S2)(12-t1), 他田间管理措施与当地高产栽培技术相同。 式中,S、S2分别为拔节期及齐穗期测定的叶面积 13测定项目及方法 1、2分别为拔节期及齐穗期测定叶面积的时间 1.3.1土壞基础理化性质油菜收获后利用五点 茎鞘物质输出率=(齐穗期茎鞘干质量-成熟期 采样法收集土壤样品,取0-20cm耕层土壤带回实茎鞘干质量y齐穗期茎鞘干质量×100%, 验室于阴凉通风处风干,磨细过筛后置于干燥处保 茎鞘物质转换率=(齐穗期茎鞘干质量-成熟期 存。土壤pH用电位法测定,水土质量比为25:1;茎鞘干质量γ籽粒干质量×100%。 有机质含量用K2Cn2Oy-H2SO4稀释热法测定;全15数据分析 氮含量采用FOSS-8400凯氏定氮仪测定;速效磷含 采用 Microsoft excel2016统计数据,采用DPS 量采用钼锑抗比色法测定;速效钾含量采用火焰光7.05进行数据统计分析,用LSD法分析不同处理 度法测定。 在P<005水平的差异显著性,采用 Origin90软件 1.3.2光合特性和叶绿素含量分别于齐穗期、齐作图 穗后15d的09:00-11:00使用便携式光合测定系 2结果与分析 统L-6400(美国L-COR公司生产)测定剑叶净光 合速率、气孔导度以及蒸腾速率,每个处理取5片21油菜季减量施氮对油菜产量的影响 生长基本一致的叶片进行测定,重复3次 常规施氮处理油菜的平均产量为2.59thm-2, 1.33叶面积各小区分别于拔节期和齐穗期选减量施氮处理油菜的平均产量为222thm2,比常 择生长基本一致的植株3株,用叶面积仪CL-203测规施氮处理显著减产1428%,说明减量施氮会降低 定拔节期叶面积和齐穗期高效叶面积,并计算叶面油菜产量。 积指数,其中高效叶面积为有效茎蘖上3叶的总22油菜季减量施氮与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼 面积 稻叶面积指数及光合势的影响 1.34杂交稻植株干物质积累与转运于拔节期、 由表2可知,油菜季施氮量对杂交稻拔节期和 齐穗期和成熟期取田间长势基本一致的植株3株,齐穗期叶面积指数和光合势的影响不显著,水稻季 分茎、叶片和穗3部分于105℃杀青30min,75℃氮肥运筹影响显著,二者交互效应的影响也达到显 烘干72h至恒质量,称取各部分干质量,计算茎鞘著水平。相对于常规施氮,减量施氮处理杂交稻拔 物质输出率和转化率。 节期叶面积指数增加561%,齐穗期叶面积指数和 1.3.5测产与考种杂交稻成熟时,每个小区除去拔节期至齐穗期光合势分别增加8.57%和2.90%
作基肥施用,基肥在移栽前 1 天施入,分蘖肥于移 栽后第 7 天施用,穗肥分促花肥和保花肥,相同施 用量,分别于倒 4 叶和倒 2 叶期施用。油菜收获后 水稻田土壤理化性质如表 1 所示。 供试水稻品种为‘F 优 498’,该品种属籼型 三系杂交水稻,抗逆性强,耐热性较弱,产量较高。 采用旱育秧,于 2018 年 4 月 17 日播种,5 月 23 日 人工移栽,单株种植,株行距为 33.3 cm×16.7 cm,其 他田间管理措施与当地高产栽培技术相同。 1.3 测定项目及方法 1.3.1 土壤基础理化性质 油菜收获后利用五点 采样法收集土壤样品,取 0~20 cm 耕层土壤带回实 验室于阴凉通风处风干,磨细过筛后置于干燥处保 存。土壤 pH 用电位法测定,水土质量比为 2.5∶1; 有机质含量采用 K2Cr2O7 -H2SO4 稀释热法测定;全 氮含量采用 FOSS-8400 凯氏定氮仪测定;速效磷含 量采用钼锑抗比色法测定;速效钾含量采用火焰光 度法测定。 1.3.2 光合特性和叶绿素含量 分别于齐穗期、齐 穗后 15 d 的 09:00—11:00 使用便携式光合测定系 统 LI-6400(美国 LI-COR 公司生产) 测定剑叶净光 合速率、气孔导度以及蒸腾速率,每个处理取 5 片 生长基本一致的叶片进行测定,重复 3 次。 1.3.3 叶面积 各小区分别于拔节期和齐穗期选 择生长基本一致的植株 3 株,用叶面积仪 CI-203 测 定拔节期叶面积和齐穗期高效叶面积,并计算叶面 积指数,其中高效叶面积为有效茎蘖上 3 叶的总 面积。 1.3.4 杂交稻植株干物质积累与转运 于拔节期、 齐穗期和成熟期取田间长势基本一致的植株 3 株, 分茎、叶片和穗 3 部分于 105 ℃ 杀青 30 min,75 ℃ 烘干 72 h 至恒质量,称取各部分干质量,计算茎鞘 物质输出率和转化率。 1.3.5 测产与考种 杂交稻成熟时,每个小区除去 边行保护行,其余杂交稻植株均单打单收,晒干后 折算成容许含水量 13.5% 记为实收产量。 1.4 相关参数计算 光合势 = 1/2(S 1 +S 2)(t2 −t1), 式中,S1、S2 分别为拔节期及齐穗期测定的叶面积; t1、t2 分别为拔节期及齐穗期测定叶面积的时间。 茎鞘物质输出率=(齐穗期茎鞘干质量−成熟期 茎鞘干质量)/齐穗期茎鞘干质量×100%, 茎鞘物质转换率=(齐穗期茎鞘干质量−成熟期 茎鞘干质量)/籽粒干质量×100%。 1.5 数据分析 采用 Microsoft Excel 2016 统计数据,采用 DPS 7.05 进行数据统计分析,用 LSD 法分析不同处理 在 P<0.05 水平的差异显著性,采用 Origin 9.0 软件 作图。 2 结果与分析 2.1 油菜季减量施氮对油菜产量的影响 常规施氮处理油菜的平均产量为 2.59 t·hm−2 , 减量施氮处理油菜的平均产量为 2.22 t·hm−2,比常 规施氮处理显著减产 14.28%,说明减量施氮会降低 油菜产量。 2.2 油菜季减量施氮与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼 稻叶面积指数及光合势的影响 由表 2 可知,油菜季施氮量对杂交稻拔节期和 齐穗期叶面积指数和光合势的影响不显著,水稻季 氮肥运筹影响显著,二者交互效应的影响也达到显 著水平。相对于常规施氮,减量施氮处理杂交稻拔 节期叶面积指数增加 5.61%,齐穗期叶面积指数和 拔节期至齐穗期光合势分别增加 8.57% 和 2.90%。 表 1 油菜收获后水稻田土壤理化性质1) Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of paddy soil after harvesting rape 氮肥投入 Nitrogen fertilizer application 有机质/(g·kg−1) Organic matter 全氮/(g·kg−1) Total nitrogen 碱解氮/(mg·kg−1) Available nitrogen 速效磷/(mg·kg−1) Available phosphorus 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) Available potassium pH 常规施氮 Conventional nitrogen fertilizer application 29.39a 1.87a 128.47a 26.20a 65.86a 6.19a 减量施氮 Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application 27.03b 1.65b 117.36b 25.03b 61.32b 6.15a 1)同列数据后的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05,LSD法) 1) Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05, LSD method) 第 3 期 马 鹏,等:油菜−水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响 25
华南农业大学学报(http://xuebao.scau.edu.cn/zr) 第41卷 表2油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻叶面积指数及光合势的影响 Table 2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of hybrid japonica rice 拔节期 齐穗期 拔节期至齐穗期 氮肥投入 氮肥运筹 Jointing stage Full heading stage Jointing stage to full heading stage Nitrogen fertilizer Nitrogen叶面积指数叶面积指数高效叶面积指数高效叶面积率鬥% application management Leaf area Leaf area High effective leaf High effective leaf (x10'md hm") Photosynthetic potential 常规施氮 16483d 6l24c nitrogen fertilizer 5.28b 4.8%ab 65.78a application 5.65a 5.14a 平均值 Average5.176884466437 减量施氮 Reduced nitrogen 5.32ab 6.79b 214.68c cation 547b 8.41a 5.68a 6896a 239.58b 8.72 平均值Av 4.91 64.86 218.71 N 0.3505 0.0989 0.1518 08338 0.5667 0.0181 0.0275 0.0372 NxM 0.0001 0.0496 0.0256 00001 0.0001 1)M0:水稻季不施;Ml:水稻季施氮量为150kghm2,m(基肥):m(分蘖肥):m(穗肥)=2:2:6;M2:水稻季施氮量为150kghm2,m(基 肥):m(分蘖肥):m(穗肥)=3:3:4;M3:水稻季施氮量为150kghm-2,m(基肥):m(分蘖肥):m穗肥}=4:4:2;N:油茱季施氮处理;M:水稻季氮 肥运筹方式;油菜季相同施氮量同列数据后的不同小写字母表示水稻季不同氮肥运筹方式间差异显著(P<0.05,LSD法) 1)MO: No nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season, MI: Applying 150 kg.hm- nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m(base fertilizer): m(tiller fertilizer): m(panicle fertilizer =2: 2: 6, M2: Applying 150 kg. hm" nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m(base fertilizer): m(tiller fertilizer ): m(panicle fertilizerF3: 3: 4, M3: Applying 150 kg. hm- nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m( base fertilizer): m(tiller fertilizer ): m(panicle fertilizer: 4: 2: N Nitrogen fertilizer application treatment in rape season;; M: Nitrogen fertilizer management method in rice season; Different lowercase letters in the same column and nitrogen fertilizer application treatment in rape season indicate significant differences among different nitrogen fertilizer management methods in rice season(P< 0.05, LSD method 常规施氮和减量施氮条件下,水稻季M1、M2、著,对其他光合指标影响显著。相对于常规施氮,减 M3处理杂交稻拔节期、齐穗期叶面积指数及齐穗量施氮降低了齐穗期光合速率,但差异不明显。油 期至拔节期光合势均较MO处理增加,其中均以菜季常规施氮和减量施氮条件下,水稻季M、M2、 M3处理的增幅最大,分别增加3452%、37.83%、M3处理杂交稻齐穗期和齐穗后15d的光合速率、 41.8%和5554557%、4795%油菜季减量施气孔导度和蒸腾速率均比MO处理增加,其中光合 氮和水稻季M3运筹模式更有利于提高拔节期和齐 速率均以M3增幅最大。油菜季减量施氮和水稻季 穗期叶面积指数及拔节期至齐穗期光合势 M3运筹方式的光合速率增幅最大,有利于提高杂 交稻剑叶的光合速率。 2.3油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼 24油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼 稻光合特性的影响 稻物质积累、转运及产量的影响 由表3可知,油菜季施氮量对杂交稻齐穗期、24.1油菜季氪肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交 齐穗后15d光合特性的影响不显著,水稻季氮肥运籼稻物质积累、转运的影响水稻季氮肥运筹对杂 筹对杂交稻齐穗期光合速率、蒸腾速率和齐穗后15d交稻干物质质量的影响在油菜季常规施氮和减量 的光合速率影响显著,对其他光合指标影响不显施氮处理中存在一定差异(图1)。在油菜季常规施 著,二者的交互效应对齐穗期气孔导度影响不显氮条件下,相对于M0处理,M1、M2和M3处理主
常规施氮和减量施氮条件下,水稻季 M 1、M 2、 M3 处理杂交稻拔节期、齐穗期叶面积指数及齐穗 期至拔节期光合势均较 M0 处理增加,其中均以 M3 处理的增幅最大,分别增加 34.52%、37.83%、 41.88% 和 55.55%、45.57%、47.95%。油菜季减量施 氮和水稻季 M3 运筹模式更有利于提高拔节期和齐 穗期叶面积指数及拔节期至齐穗期光合势。 2.3 油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼 稻光合特性的影响 由表 3 可知,油菜季施氮量对杂交稻齐穗期、 齐穗后 15 d 光合特性的影响不显著,水稻季氮肥运 筹对杂交稻齐穗期光合速率、蒸腾速率和齐穗后 15 d 的光合速率影响显著,对其他光合指标影响不显 著,二者的交互效应对齐穗期气孔导度影响不显 著,对其他光合指标影响显著。相对于常规施氮,减 量施氮降低了齐穗期光合速率,但差异不明显。油 菜季常规施氮和减量施氮条件下,水稻季 M1、M2、 M3 处理杂交稻齐穗期和齐穗后 15 d 的光合速率、 气孔导度和蒸腾速率均比 M0 处理增加,其中光合 速率均以 M3 增幅最大。油菜季减量施氮和水稻季 M3 运筹方式的光合速率增幅最大,有利于提高杂 交稻剑叶的光合速率。 2.4 油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼 稻物质积累、转运及产量的影响 2.4.1 油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交 籼稻物质积累、转运的影响 水稻季氮肥运筹对杂 交稻干物质质量的影响在油菜季常规施氮和减量 施氮处理中存在一定差异 (图 1)。在油菜季常规施 氮条件下,相对于 M0 处理,M1、M2 和 M3 处理主 表 2 油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻叶面积指数及光合势的影响1) Table 2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of hybrid jayonica rice 氮肥投入 Nitrogen fertilizer application 氮肥运筹 Nitrogen management 拔节期 Jointing stage 齐穗期 Full heading stage 拔节期至齐穗期 Jointing stage to full heading stage 叶面积指数 Leaf area index 叶面积指数 Leaf area index 高效叶面积指数 High effective leaf area index 高效叶面积率/% High effective leaf area ratio 光合势/ (×104m 2 ·d·hm−2) Photosynthetic potential 常规施氮 Conventional nitrogen fertilizer application M0 4.20c 5.63c 3.63c 63.94b 164.83d M1 5.54ab 6.69b 4.15bc 61.24c 224.05c M2 5.28b 7.45a 4.89ab 65.78a 227.35b M3 5.65a 7.76a 5.14a 66.50a 233.87a 平均值 Average 5.17 6.88 4.46 64.37 212.53 减量施氮 Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application M0 4.32c 5.99c 3.59b 58.05d 169.60d M1 5.32ab 6.79b 4.39b 64.39c 214.68c M2 5.47b 8.41a 5.68a 68.96a 239.58b M3 6.72a 8.72a 5.95a 68.04b 250.94a 平均值 Average 5.46 7.47 4.91 64.86 218.71 P N 0.350 5 0.098 9 0.151 8 0.833 8 0.566 7 M 0.050 6 0.018 1 0.027 5 0.026 6 0.037 2 N×M 0.000 1 0.049 6 0.025 6 0.000 1 0.000 1 1)M0:水稻季不施氮;M1:水稻季施氮量为150 kg·hm−2 ,m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=2∶2∶6;M2:水稻季施氮量为150 kg·hm−2 ,m(基 肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=3∶3∶4;M3:水稻季施氮量为150 kg·hm−2 ,m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=4∶4∶2;N:油菜季施氮处理;M:水稻季氮 肥运筹方式;油菜季相同施氮量同列数据后的不同小写字母表示水稻季不同氮肥运筹方式间差异显著(P<0.05,LSD法) 1) M0: No nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season; M1: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m (base fertilizer)∶ m (tiller fertilizer)∶ m (panicle fertilizer)=2∶2∶6; M2: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m (base fertilizer)∶m (tiller fertilizer)∶m (panicle fertilizer)=3∶3∶4; M3: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m (base fertilizer)∶m (tiller fertilizer)∶m (panicle fertilizer)=4∶4∶2; N: Nitrogen fertilizer application treatment in rape season; M: Nitrogen fertilizer management method in rice season; Different lowercase letters in the same column and nitrogen fertilizer application treatment in rape season indicate significant differences among different nitrogen fertilizer management methods in rice season (P< 0.05, LSD method) 26 华南农业大学学报 (http://xuebao.scau.edu.cn/zr) 第 41 卷
第3期马鹏,等:油菜-水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响27 表3油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合特性的影响 Table 3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on photosynthetic traits of hybrid japonica rice 齐穗期 Full heading stage 齐穗后15 d 15 days after full heading 氮肥投入 氮肥运筹光合速率/气孔导度/蒸腾速率/光合速率/气孔导度/蒸腾速率/ Nitrogen fertilizer Nitrogen fertilizer ( application Transpiration Photosynthetic Stomatal Transpiration conductance conductance 常规施氮 12.85d 1376a Conventional nitroger 20.98 0.1659a 704bc 0.0464a fertilizer application 22 0.1721a 7.34b 00535a3.43ab 294la 0.1823a 7.70a 00554a 3.46a 平均值 Average2149 0.1644 724 00500 3.29 减量施氮 l1.78d 0.1317b 00417b Reduced nitrogen 0.1341b 17 00502ab fertilizer application 2060b 0.178 1908b 00577a 3.62a 0.2045a 00591a F均值 Average19.10 0.1622 681 00521 3.57 .0638 .8623 0.2045 0.1933 0.7144 0.1068 0.0042 0.1162 0.0472 0.0108 0.6002 0.8737 00001 0.5133 0.0002 00001 00388 0.0021 M0:水稻季不施氮:M1:水稻季施氮量为150kghm2,m(基肥):m(分菜肥):m(稳肥)=2:2:6;M2:水稻季施氮量为150kghm2,m(基 肥):m(分菜肥):m(穗肥)=3:3:4;M3:水稻季施氮量为150kghm-2,m(基肥):m(分菜肥):m(穗肥)=4:4:2;N:油菜季施氮处理;M:水稻季氦 肥运筹方式;油菜季相同施氮量同列数据后的不同小写字母表示水稻季不同氦肥运筹方式间差异显著(P<005,LSD法) 1)MO: No nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season; MI: Applying 150 kg.hm nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m( base fertilizer): m(tiller fertilizer): m(panicle fertilizer F2: 2: 6, M2: Applying 150 kg. hm-nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m( base fertilizer): m(tiller fertilizer): m(panicle fertilizerF3: 3: 4; M3: Applying 150 kg. hm- nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m(base fertilizer): m(tiller fertilizer): m(panicle fertilizer: 4: 2; N Nitrogen fertilizer application treatment in rape season;, M: Nitrogen fertilizer management method in rice season; Different lowercase letters in the same column and nitrogen fertilizer application amount in rape season indicate significant differences among different nitrogen fertilizer management methods in rice season(P<0.05, LSD method) A:常规施氮 Conventional nitrogen fertilizer application B:减量施氮 Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application 国M口M口MM M口MI口M口M 拔节期 齐穗期 成熟期 拔节期 Jointing stage Full heading stage Maturity stage 水稻生育期 水稻生育期 0:水稻季不施氮:Ml、M2、M3:水稻季施氮量为150kghm2,基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥质量比分别为2:2:6、3:3:4、4:4:2:各图中相同生育期不同柱子上 的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P005,LSD法) MO: No nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season; ML, M2, M3: Applying 150 kg. hm nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, the mass ratios of base fertilizer, ller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer were 2: 2:6, 3:3 4 and 4: 4:2, respectively; Different lowercase letters on the different columns at the: each figure indicate significant differences(P<0.05, LSD method) 图1油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻干物质积累的影响 Fig 1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on dry matter accumulation of hy brid japonica rice
表 3 油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合特性的影响 Table 3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on photosynthetic traits of hybrid japonica rice 氮肥投入 Nitrogen fertilizer application 氮肥运筹 Nitrogen fertilizer management 齐穗期 Full heading stage 齐穗后15 d 15 days after full heading 光合速率/ (μmol·m−2·s−1) Photosynthetic rate 气孔导度/ (mol·m−2·s−1) Stomatal conductance 蒸腾速率/ (mmol·m−2·s−1) Transpiration rate 光合速率/ (μmol·m−2·s−1) Photosynthetic rate 气孔导度/ (mol·m−2·s−1) Stomatal conductance 蒸腾速率/ (mmol·m−2·s−1) Transpiration rate 常规施氮 Conventional nitrogen fertilizer application M0 12.85d 0.137 6a 6.95c 9.05d 0.044 9a 3.32b M1 20.98c 0.165 9a 7.04bc 15.77c 0.046 4a 3.37ab M2 22.72b 0.172 1a 7.34b 16.95b 0.053 5a 3.43ab M3 29.41a 0.182 3a 7.70a 20.97a 0.055 4a 3.46a 平均值 Average 21.49 0.164 4 7.24 15.68 0.050 0 3.29 减量施氮 Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application M0 11.78d 0.131 7b 6.37b 8.25d 0.041 7b 3.42b M1 19.41c 0.134 1b 6.43b 17.33c 0.050 2ab 3.59a M2 20.60b 0.178 5ab 7.11a 19.08b 0.057 7a 3.62a M3 24.61a 0.204 5a 7.31a 25.77a 0.059 1a 3.67a 平均值 Average 19.10 0.162 2 6.81 17.61 0.052 1 3.57 P N 0.063 8 0.862 3 0.204 5 0.193 3 0.714 4 0.106 8 M 0.004 2 0.116 2 0.047 2 0.010 8 0.600 2 0.873 7 N×M 0.000 1 0.513 3 0.000 2 0.000 1 0.038 8 0.002 1 1)M0:水稻季不施氮;M1:水稻季施氮量为150 kg·hm−2 ,m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=2∶2∶6;M2:水稻季施氮量为150 kg·hm−2 ,m(基 肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=3∶3∶4;M3:水稻季施氮量为150 kg·hm−2 ,m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=4∶4∶2;N:油菜季施氮处理;M:水稻季氮 肥运筹方式;油菜季相同施氮量同列数据后的不同小写字母表示水稻季不同氮肥运筹方式间差异显著(P<0.05,LSD法) 1) M0: No nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season; M1: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m (base fertilizer)∶m (tiller fertilizer)∶m (panicle fertilizer)=2∶2∶6; M2: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m (base fertilizer)∶m (tiller fertilizer)∶m (panicle fertilizer)=3∶3∶4; M3: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, m (base fertilizer)∶m (tiller fertilizer)∶m (panicle fertilizer)=4∶4∶2; N: Nitrogen fertilizer application treatment in rape season; M: Nitrogen fertilizer management method in rice season; Different lowercase letters in the same column and nitrogen fertilizer application amount in rape season indicate significant differences among different nitrogen fertilizer management methods in rice season (P<0.05, LSD method) 20 干物质质量/(t·hm−2 ) Dry matter mass 拔节期 Jointing stage 齐穗期 Full heading stage A: 常规施氮 Conventional nitrogen fertilizer application 成熟期 Maturity stage 水稻生育期 Rice growth stage 水稻生育期 Rice growth stage M0 B: 减量施氮 Reduced nitrogen fertilizer application M1 M2 M3 15 10 5 0 20 干物质质量/(t·hm−2 ) Dry matter mass 拔节期 Jointing stage 齐穗期 Full heading stage 成熟期 Maturity stage 15 10 5 0 c ab b a c b a a c d b c a d b c a c a a b a a a M0 M1 M2 M3 M0:水稻季不施氮;M1、M2、M3:水稻季施氮量为 150 kg·hm−2,基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥质量比分别为 2∶2∶6、3∶3∶4、4∶4∶2;各图中相同生育期不同柱子上 的不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05,LSD 法) M0: No nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season; M1, M2, M3: Applying 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer in rice season, the mass ratios of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer were 2∶2∶6, 3∶3∶4 and 4∶4∶2, respectively; Different lowercase letters on the different columns at the same growth stage in each figure indicate significant differences (P<0.05, LSD method) 图 1 油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻干物质积累的影响 Fig. 1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in rape season and nitrogen fertilizer management in rice season on dry matter accumulation of hybrid japonica rice 第 3 期 马 鹏,等:油菜−水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响 27