2018年 实用中医内科杂志 第32卷第8期 OURNAL OF PRACTICAL TRADITIONAL CHINESE INTERNAL MEDICINE Function and Chemical Compositioni of sanqi ZHOU Chel,LIUH° TThe First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine: a 2016 TCM Internal Medicine, b2017 TCM Surgery, Zhengzhou 450046, China) Abstract Panax notoginseng sweet, slightly astringent, slightly bitter, sexual temperature, belong to liver. stomach. large intestine classics, nickname Tianqi, also known as mountain lacquer, jinbubao blood ginseng field paint. It has been used to treat bruising injury, ulcers, swelling and poisoning, gu du, etc, and the scope of Ming and Qing dynasties has been expanded. It is used in internal medicine, gynecology, bleeding, blood stasis and venereal diseases. Compendium of materia medica refers to"stopping bleeding, dispersing blood and fixing pain"Epistaxis also epistaxis It can cure all blood diseases. The drug solution of juanju contains leying stops bleeding, passes through the pulse to go through stasis, and col of materia medica(compendium of materia medica). It contains 40 pieces of sangi recipe. It is more suitable for invigorating blood circulation, removing blood stasis, stopping blood, strengthening and relieving pair According to CHEN shiduo, the three or seven sutras into the five organs can stop the most blood, while le outside blood can be repressed, the inside blood can be forbidden, and the disintegrating blood can be prohibited. "The treatment of hematemesis syndrome and"collateral injury and blood spillage"with tiansan ye sanqi juice, XU Lingtai is good at nourishing Yin and hemostasis with sangiwu gelatin. ZHANG xichun preferred the hemostasis effect of panax notoginseng for internal, external and gynecological diseases. I lodern times, ZHANG Shanlei's suit of panax notoginseng (about 0.96-1.94g) was used throughout the discussion of blood evidence. Panax notoginseng contains saponins, flavones, volatile oils, amino acids polysaccharides, starch, proteins, panax notoginseng and various trace elements.Total saponins of panax notoginseng can resist platelet aggregation, reduce total blood viscosity, inhibit platelet activation and aggregation, significantly reduce myocardial ischemia, improve myocardial microcirculation, eliminate oxygen free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation and stabilize nerve cells. Triheptin and quercetin can promote the oagulation process, shorten the coagulation time after bleeding and promote the production of thrombin. It is widely used in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, angina and cerebrovascular diseases. There have also been reports of bleeding from 37 patients. The clinical and experimental reports on promoting oagulation and anticoagulation and activating blood circulation are inconsistent. Moreover it is related to the dosage, the hemostasis effect is more significant at low dose, and the anti-thrombosis effect is stronger at medium and high dose of active blood, and the quantitative effect relationship between low dose and low dose is further explored. In the future, it is urgent to clarify the boundary point of two-way regulation of pharmacodynamic dosage of blood circulation and hemostasis, and further experiments and clinical studies are needed Keywords Sanqi: Tianqi; invigorate the circulation of blood and hemostasis; injuries; ulcers swollen poison internal medicine; department of gynaecology; saponins; total saponins of panax notoginseng: notoginseng quercetin; coagulation; anticoagulation; concentration-response relationship doi:10.13729isn.1671-7813Z20180172 七,味甘、微涩、微苦,性温,归肝、胃、大肠经。应用历史,广西田州既是三七的主产地,又是集散 《本草纲目》记载三七可“止血、散血、定痛,……乃地,故以“田”命名,且田州所产三七质量最为上乘。 阳明厥阴血分之药,……金刃箭伤跌扑杖疮血出不明朝所修《广西通志》记载“三七,南丹、田州出, 止者,嚼烂涂,或为末掺之,其血即止。亦主吐血衄而田州尤妙”向。清中期三七在广西庆远府、镇安府 血……"。《玉楸药解》载“和营止血,通脉行瘀,行一带人工大量栽培,后逐渐向南方扩展,随着栽培范 瘀血而敛新血。《本草纲目拾遗》“人参补气第 围的不断扩大及人们对三七功效认识的不断深入 三七补血第一,味同而功亦等,故称人参三七,为中逐渐成为广西道地药材。云南与广西毗邻,亦产 药之最珍贵者。 三七,古时云南所产三七经田州集散输往它地。 1道地药材 2功用沿革 七是五加科植物三七的干燥根、块茎,别称 三七应用于临床有着悠久的历史,早期主要用 田七,又名山漆、金不换、血参、田漆等,有着悠久的于治疗跌打损伤、疮疡肿毒、蛊毒等疾病。《跌损妙
实 用 中 医 内 科 杂 志 JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL TRADITIONAL CHINESE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018 年 第 32 卷 第 8 期 ·5· 三七,味甘、微涩、微苦,性温,归肝、胃、大肠经[1]。 《本草纲目》记载三七可“止血、散血、定痛,……乃 阳明厥阴血分之药,……金刃箭伤跌扑杖疮血出不 止者,嚼烂涂,或为末掺之,其血即止。亦主吐血衄 血……”[2]。《玉楸药解》载“和营止血,通脉行瘀,行 瘀血而敛新血”[3]。《本草纲目拾遗》“人参补气第一, 三七补血第一,味同而功亦等,故称人参三七,为中 药之最珍贵者”[4]。 1 道地药材 三七[5]是五加科植物三七的干燥根、块茎,别称 田七,又名山漆、金不换、血参、田漆等,有着悠久的 应用历史,广西田州既是三七的主产地,又是集散 地,故以“田”命名,且田州所产三七质量最为上乘。 明朝所修《广西通志》记载“三七,南丹、田州出, 而田州尤妙”[6]。清中期三七在广西庆远府、镇安府 一带人工大量栽培,后逐渐向南方扩展,随着栽培范 围的不断扩大及人们对三七功效认识的不断深入, 逐渐成为广西道地药材[7]。云南与广西毗邻,亦产 三七,古时云南所产三七经田州集散输往它地[8]。 2 功用沿革 三七应用于临床有着悠久的历史,早期主要用 于治疗跌打损伤、疮疡肿毒、蛊毒等疾病。《跌损妙 Function and Chemical Compositioni of Sanqi ZHOU Chena ,LIU Huib (The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine:a.2016 TCM Internal Medicine,b.2017 TCM Surgery,Zhengzhou 450046,China) Abstract Panax notoginseng sweet, slightly astringent, slightly bitter, sexual temperature, belong to liver, stomach, large intestine classics, nickname Tianqi, also known as mountain lacquer, jinbubao, blood ginseng, field paint.It has been used to treat bruising injury, ulcers, swelling and poisoning, gu du, etc., and the scope of Ming and Qing dynasties has been expanded. It is used in internal medicine, gynecology, bleeding, blood stasis and venereal diseases.Compendium of materia medica refers to "stopping bleeding, dispersing blood and fixing pain" Epistaxis also epistaxis It can cure all blood diseases. The drug solution of juanju contains "heying stops bleeding, passes through the pulse to go through stasis, and collects new blood". Compendium of materia medica (compendium of materia medica). It contains 40 pieces of sanqi recipe. It is more suitable for invigorating blood circulation, removing blood stasis, stopping blood, strengthening and relieving pain. According to CHEN shiduo, "the three or seven sutras into the five organs can stop the most blood, while the outside blood can be repressed, the inside blood can be forbidden, and the disintegrating blood can be prohibited." The treatment of hematemesis syndrome and "collateral injury and blood spillage" with tiansan ye sanqi juice, XU Lingtai is good at nourishing Yin and hemostasis with sanqiwu gelatin. ZHANG xichun preferred the hemostasis effect of panax notoginseng for internal, external and gynecological diseases. In modern times, ZHANG Shanlei's suit of panax notoginseng (about 0.96~1.94g) was used throughout the discussion of blood evidence. Panax notoginseng contains saponins, flavones, volatile oils, amino acids, polysaccharides, starch, proteins, panax notoginseng and various trace elements.Total saponins of panax notoginseng can resist platelet aggregation, reduce total blood viscosity, inhibit platelet activation and aggregation, significantly reduce myocardial ischemia, improve myocardial microcirculation, eliminate oxygen free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation and stabilize nerve cells. Triheptin and quercetin can promote the coagulation process, shorten the coagulation time after bleeding and promote the production of thrombin. It is widely used in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, angina and cerebrovascular diseases. There have also been reports of bleeding from 37 patients. The clinical and experimental reports on promoting coagulation and anticoagulation and activating blood circulation are inconsistent. Moreover, it is related to the dosage, the hemostasis effect is more significant at low dose, and the anti-thrombosis effect is stronger at medium and high dose of active blood, and the quantitative effect relationship between low dose and low dose is further explored.In the future, it is urgent to clarify the boundary point of two-way regulation of pharmacodynamic dosage of blood circulation and hemostasis, and further experiments and clinical studies are needed. Keywords Sanqi; Tianqi; invigorate the circulation of blood and hemostasis; injuries; ulcers swollen poison; internal medicine; department of gynaecology; saponins; total saponins of panax notoginseng; notoginseng; quercetin; coagulation; anticoagulation; concentration-response relationship doi:10.13729/j.issn.1671-7813.Z20180172
实用中医内科杂志 JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL TRADITIONAL CHINESE INTERNAL MEDICINE vol 32 No 8 方》书中全身门、头面门、身中门、背脊门、腿足门、人事,手足得展动,唇与面红白稍分,更进阿胶、三七 金创门,六门中均有使用参三七的记载,六门中,共诸养阴之品,调摄月余,血气渐复”m。 用方133条,含有参三七的方40条,多用其配伍活血 张锡纯善用三七治疗内、外、妇科等疾病,首选 祛瘀、止血、力气、止痛之品。广西因炎热潮湿,易生三七止血之效,如治疗“吐血过多 其脉上盛下 蚊虫鼠蚁,民间流传经验常用三七治疗疮疡肿毒类虚,上焦兼烦热者”,以保元降寒汤治疗,方由 疾病。明代《赤雅》收载“凡中蛊毒者,……必三七细末三钱,生赭石轧细一两野台党五钱、生地 须叩头乞药,出一丸啖之立吐 予久客其中习黄一两、知母八钱、净萸肉八钱、生龙骨捣细六钱、生 知其方用三七末荸荠为丸,又用白矾及细茶分为末,杭芍四钱”组成,而保元降寒汤去知母、牡蛎,加 每服五钱,泉水调下得吐则止”。后经明、清两代山药组成保元清降汤治疗吐血不兼烦热;治疗中风, 医家的发展,三七的临床应用范围不断扩大,除用于提出“服过(镇肝熄风汤)数剂之后,再于方中加桃仁 治疗跌打损伤等外科疾病,还广泛用于内科、妇科出红花、三七,诸药以化其脑中瘀血”。 血性、血瘀性病证,后世无论从经典丛籍,亦或名家 近代张山雷用三七约0.96-1.94g冲服治疗血 验方均可考证其效。古代医家将三七视为治病要药,证贯穿于血证辨证论治的始终,收效明显 对于三七的认识及使用均有自己独到的见解,主要 从历代名家对三七灵活广泛的运用,可看出 取其活血、止血之功,被广泛长期应用于中医临床,三七临床可治诸多疾病,活血、止血之功效颇丰,也 并取得了显著的治疗效果 为后世中医人及现代医学研究奠定了良好的基础 李时珍在《本草纲目》中系统的总结了三七的3现代药理 性味、功效和临床应用,阐述三七用法“乃阳明、厥阴 七临床药理咋作用涉及范围十分广泛,化学 血分之药,故能治一切血病”,如《本草纲目》附方成分主要分为两种,有机化学成份主要有皂苷、黄 八条之一治吐血衄血,“三七一钱,自嚼米汤服下,酮、挥发油、氨基酸、多糖、淀粉、蛋白质、三七素及多 或以五分,加入八核汤”;治无名痈肿,疼痛不止,种微量元素等皂苷类是三七主要活性成分P。活血 三七末米醋调涂即散 止血作用主要应用防治心脑血管疾病。 《傅青主女科》“妇人有怀抱甚郁,口干舌渴,呕3.1抗凝活血皂苷类成分主要发挥了活血抗凝作 吐吞酸,而血下崩者,……方用平肝开郁止血汤,用,三七总皂苷 方由白芍(一两,醋炒)、白术(一两,土炒)、当归(一两,血小板聚集,降低全血黏度的功能,抑制血小板的激 酒洗)、三七根(三钱,研末)、丹皮(三钱)生地(三钱,活、聚集功能,促进血管内皮细胞释放NO,防止血管 酒炒)柴胡(一钱)、黑芥(二钱)、甘草(二钱)组成,水煎内皮损伤而产生减少血栓形成作用叫。陈氏四显微 服,一剂呕吐止,二剂干渴除,四剂血崩愈”。 放大系统定量观测皂苷R1和Rd均能显著改善微循 陈士铎认为“三七根,人五脏之经,最止诸血,环并适度延长凝血时间。三七总皂苷可明显降低心 外血可遏,内血可禁,崩漏可禁,……然皆用之于补肌缺血,改善心肌微循环,起到对心肌的保护作用 血药之中,而收功独捷。大约每用必须三钱,研为细可改善劳累型心绞痛(AP心肌缺血状态,并能够降血 末,将汤剂煎成,调三七根末于其中饮之。若减至脂,改变血黏度,对动脉粥样硬化有一定防治作用 二钱,与切片煎药,皆不能取效”,治疗金疮出血,另外三七总皂苷可清除氧自由基、抑制脂质过氧化 以“三七根末配伍花蕊石研末、硫磺末,各等分,和匀和稳定神经细胞来保护脑组织缺血再灌注损伤,改 再研,敷上即合,仍不作脓,又止痛止血如神 善脑血液循环。三七临床多用于冠心病、心绞痛及 跌打损伤疮皆瘀血在内而不散也,……外用三七脑血管疾病预防和治疗,也有导致出血的报道 研末,加酒调烂敷之,痛即止,血即散 3.2促凝止血三七素、槲皮苷等均能促进凝血过 其在外科用药中善用三七,言“跌打损伤疮 程的发生,缩短出血后凝血时间,促进凝血酶的生 跌打损伤至重者,方由三七三钱,当归五钱,白芍五成,从而收缩局部血管,增加血小板量。小剂量 钱,大黄三钱,丹皮三钱,枳壳一钱,桃仁十四粒,生 七可显著缩短血浆复钙时间,在出血状态可发挥较 地五钱,大小蓟三钱红花一钱组成,不仅奏活血之强止血作用。王洪君随机对照治疗上消化道出 效,亦有止血之力”15。 血,对照组55例凝血酶1100U次,3次/d;治疗组57例 叶天士善用三七汁治疗吐血证,治“络伤血三七粉,6g次,2次ld;至胃内容物液体潜血化验变 °,用“参三七汁茯神、茜草、生白扁豆、藕节、川为阴性或大便变淡黄颜色,总有效率治疗组96.49% 石斛"治疗,对“失血半年,心悸忡,胁下动,络脉与对照组94.55%相近(P>0.05);总止血时间治疗组 空虚,营液损伤”,用三七配伍地黄生、阿胶、小麦、乌(26.81±16.1)h短于对照组(3600±19.37h(P<0.05) 贼骨、菟丝子、茯神、扁豆。 4其他 徐灵胎善用三七配伍阿胶养阴止血,“洞庭吴伦 有研究证实,三七发挥活血、止血的作用与用 宗夫人,向患血证,徐灵胎亟以鲜生地十斤,绞汁煎量大小有关。低剂量止血作用更显著,中、高剂量活 浓,略加人参末,徐徐进之,历一昼夜尽生地汁,稍知血即抗血栓形成作用更强。无论古代医案或现代
实 用 中 医 内 科 杂 志 JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL TRADITIONAL CHINESE INTERNAL MEDICINE Aug. 2 0 1 8 vol.32 No.8 ·6· 方》[9]书中全身门、头面门、身中门、背脊门、腿足门、 金创门,六门中均有使用参三七的记载,六门中,共 用方133条,含有参三七的方40条,多用其配伍活血 祛瘀、止血、力气、止痛之品。广西因炎热潮湿,易生 蚊虫鼠蚁,民间流传经验常用三七治疗疮疡肿毒类 疾病[10]。明代《赤雅》收载“凡中蛊毒者,……必 须叩头乞药,出一丸啖之立吐,……予久客其中习 知其方用三七末荸荠为丸,又用白矾及细茶分为末, 每服五钱,泉水调下得吐则止”[11]。后经明、清两代 医家的发展,三七的临床应用范围不断扩大,除用于 治疗跌打损伤等外科疾病,还广泛用于内科、妇科出 血性、血瘀性病证,后世无论从经典丛籍,亦或名家 验方均可考证其效。古代医家将三七视为治病要药, 对于三七的认识及使用均有自己独到的见解,主要 取其活血、止血之功,被广泛长期应用于中医临床, 并取得了显著的治疗效果。 李时珍在《本草纲目》中系统的总结了三七的 性味、功效和临床应用,阐述三七用法“乃阳明、厥阴 血分之药,故能治一切血病”,如《本草纲目》附方 八条之一,治吐血衄血,“三七一钱,自嚼米汤服下, 或以五分,加入八核汤”;治无名痈肿,疼痛不止, 三七末米醋调涂即散[12]。 《傅青主女科》“妇人有怀抱甚郁,口干舌渴,呕 吐吞酸,而血下崩者,……方用平肝开郁止血汤, 方由白芍(一两,醋炒)、白术(一两,土炒)、当归(一两, 酒洗)、三七根(三钱,研末)、丹皮(三钱)、生地(三钱, 酒炒)、柴胡(一钱)、黑芥(二钱)、甘草(二钱)组成,水煎 服,一剂呕吐止,二剂干渴除,四剂血崩愈”[13]。 陈士铎认为“三七根,入五脏之经,最止诸血, 外血可遏,内血可禁,崩漏可禁,……然皆用之于补 血药之中,而收功独捷。大约每用必须三钱,研为细 末,将汤剂煎成,调三七根末于其中饮之。若减至 二钱,与切片煎药,皆不能取效”[14],治疗金疮出血, 以“三七根末配伍花蕊石研末、硫磺末,各等分,和匀 再研,敷上即合,仍不作脓,又止痛止血如神”[15]208 ; “跌打损伤疮皆瘀血在内而不散也,……外用三七 研末,加酒调烂敷之,痛即止,血即散,……”[15]150。 其在外科用药中善用三七,言“跌打损伤疮,…… 跌打损伤至重者,方由三七三钱,当归五钱,白芍五 钱,大黄三钱,丹皮三钱,枳壳一钱,桃仁十四粒,生 地五钱,大小蓟三钱,红花一钱组成,不仅奏活血之 效,亦有止血之力”[15]93。 叶 天 士 善 用 三 七 汁 治 疗 吐 血 证,治“络伤血 溢”[16]56,用“参三七汁、 茯神、茜草、生白扁豆、藕节、川 石斛”[16]58治疗,对“失血半年,心悸忡,胁下动,络脉 空虚,营液损伤”,用三七配伍地黄生、阿胶、小麦、乌 贼骨、菟丝子、茯神、扁豆。 徐灵胎善用三七配伍阿胶养阴止血,“洞庭吴伦 宗夫人,向患血证,徐灵胎亟以鲜生地十斤,绞汁煎 浓,略加人参末,徐徐进之,历一昼夜尽生地汁,稍知 人事,手足得展动,唇与面红白稍分,更进阿胶、三七 诸养阴之品,调摄月余,血气渐复”[17]。 张锡纯善用三七治疗内、外、妇科等疾病,首选 三七止血之效,如治疗“吐血过多,……其脉上盛下 虚,上焦兼烦热者”[18]86,以保元降寒汤治疗,方由“广 三七细末三钱,生赭石轧细一两、野台党五钱、生地 黄一两、知母八钱、净萸肉八钱、生龙骨捣细六钱、生 杭芍四钱”[18]88组成,而保元降寒汤去知母、牡蛎,加 山药组成保元清降汤治疗吐血不兼烦热;治疗中风, 提出“服过(镇肝熄风汤)数剂之后,再于方中加桃仁、 红花、三七,诸药以化其脑中瘀血”。 近代张山雷[19]用三七约0.96~1.94g[20]冲服治疗血 证贯穿于血证辨证论治的始终,收效明显。 从历代名家对三七灵活广泛的运用,可看出 三七临床可治诸多疾病,活血、止血之功效颇丰,也 为后世中医人及现代医学研究奠定了良好的基础。 3 现代药理 三七临床药理[21]作用涉及范围十分广泛,化学 成分主要分为两种,有机化学成份主要有皂苷、黄 酮、挥发油、氨基酸、多糖、淀粉、蛋白质、三七素及多 种微量元素等,皂苷类是三七主要活性成分[22]。活血 止血作用主要应用防治心脑血管疾病。 3.1 抗凝活血 皂苷类成分主要发挥了活血抗凝作 用,三七总皂苷[23](notoginseng total saponins)能产生抗 血小板聚集,降低全血黏度的功能,抑制血小板的激 活、聚集功能,促进血管内皮细胞释放N0,防止血管 内皮损伤而产生减少血栓形成作用[24]。陈氏[25]显微 放大系统定量观测皂苷R1和Rd均能显著改善微循 环并适度延长凝血时间。三七总皂苷可明显降低心 肌缺血,改善心肌微循环,起到对心肌的保护作用, 可改善劳累型心绞痛(AP)心肌缺血状态,并能够降血 脂,改变血黏度,对动脉粥样硬化有一定防治作用[26]。 另外三七总皂苷可清除氧自由基、抑制脂质过氧化 和稳定神经细胞来保护脑组织缺血再灌注损伤,改 善脑血液循环[27]。三七临床多用于冠心病、心绞痛及 脑血管疾病预防和治疗,也有导致出血的报道[28]。 3.2 促凝止血 三七素、槲皮苷等均能促进凝血过 程的发生,缩短出血后凝血时间,促进凝血酶的生 成,从而收缩局部血管,增加血小板量[29]。小剂量 三七可显著缩短血浆复钙时间,在出血状态可发挥较 强止血作用[30]。王洪君[31]随机对照治疗上消化道出 血,对照组55例凝血酶1100U/次,3次/d;治疗组57例 三七粉,6g/次,2次/d;至胃内容物液体潜血化验变 为阴性或大便变淡黄颜色,总有效率治疗组96.49% 与对照组94.55%相近(P>0.05);总止血时间治疗组 (26.81±16.1)h短于对照组(36.00±19.37)h(P<0.05)。 4 其 他 有研究[32]证实,三七发挥活血、止血的作用与用 量大小有关。低剂量止血作用更显著,中、高剂量活 血即抗血栓形成作用更强[33]。无论古代医案或现代