IntroducedbyPtolemy托勒密(ca.A.D.140)Sohereof fixecstarsJupiterSatumMercury02002thomsonLearningThe Ptolemaic system was considered the"standard model"of the universe until theCopernicanRevolution在哥白尼革命之前，托勒密系统一直是标准模型
Introduced by Ptolemy 托勒密 (ca. A.D. 140) The Ptolemaic system was considered the “standard model” of the universe until the Copernican Revolution. 在哥白尼革命之前，托勒密系统一直是标准模型
TheCopernicanRevolution哥白尼革命1473NICOLAI CO1973NICOLAUSCOPERNICUS70DDRCopernicus1473-197360DTSHH.CHYLINSKPWPW6e2005.Brooks/Cole-ThomNicolausCopernicus(1473-1543):heliocentricuniverse日心宇宙（suninthecenter)
The Copernican Revolution 哥白尼革命 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543): heliocentric universe 日心宇宙 (sun in the center)
哥白尼对行星退行现象的新的、正确的解释Apparentpathof Marsasseen fromEarthSaturnWestEast当地球超越行星时，产生退Jupiter行现象MarsMoonEarthVenusMarsMercuryEarttSUENottoscaleThismadePtolemysepicyclesunnecessary这样，本轮就没必要
哥白尼对行星退行现象的新的、正确的解释: This made Ptolemy’s epicycles unnecessary 这样，本轮就没必要. 当地球超越行 星时，产生退 行现象
哥白尼对行尾退行现象的新的、正确的解释，ApparentpathofMarsasseenfrom EarthWestEastMarsEarth2005.7一2006.2火星
哥白尼对行星退行现象的新的、正确的解释: 2005.7－2006.2 火星
TychoBrahe第谷·布拉赫(1546-1601)RIETYCHO BRAHE54661040VenusSaturnJupiterMercuryMarsMoonDANMARREarthUseofhigh-precisioninstrumentsforpreciseastronomical observations,reportedintables利用精密仪器的精确的天文观测的开端LaterusedbyKepler开普勒todeveloplawsofplanetarymotion后来，开普勒利用这些数据找到了行星运动规律
Tycho Brahe第谷·布拉赫 (1546 – 1601) Use of high-precision instruments for precise astronomical observations, reported in tables. 利用精密仪器的精确的天文观测的开端 Later used by Kepler 开普勒 to develop laws of planetary motion. 后来，开普勒利用这些数据找到了行星运动规律