4.2 Shapes of alkanes The tetrahedral carbon atoms their chains are zigzagged(锯齿形) and not at all straight chains (E 链) Unbranched chain alkanes(直链烷烃) Branched chain alkanes(支链烷烃)
4.2 Shapes of alkanes The tetrahedral carbon atoms their chains are zigzagged (锯齿形） and not at all straight chains （直 链） Unbranched chain alkanes (直链烷烃） Branched chain alkanes (支链烷烃）
Primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms and hydrogen(伯,仲,叔碳原子 和氢原子 Quaternary carbon(季碳)(4°C CH3 CH H3C—C—CH2-CH—CH3 Tertiary carbon(叔碳)(3Cand3H) CH3 Isooctane Secondary carbon(仲碳)(2°Cand2°H Primary carbon(伯碳) and primary hydrogen(伯氢)(1°Cand1H)
Primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms and hydrogen (伯，仲， 叔碳原子 和氢原子） H3C C CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 Isooctane Primary carbon （伯碳）and primary hydrogen (伯 氢 ） (1 o C and 1 o H) Quaternary carbon (季 碳 ） (4 o C) Secondary carbon （仲碳) (2 o C and 2 o H ) Tertiary carbon （叔碳）(3 o C and 3 o H)
How to write constitutional somers?(怎样写构形异构 体 CH3CHLCHCH, CH3 n-pentane Pentane CHCHCHoCH Isopentane 2-methylbutane CHCH H3C CH3 Neopentane 2, 2-dimethylpropane CHa
How to write constitutional isomers ? (怎样写构形异构 体 ?） CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 n-pentane CH3 CHCH2 CH3 CH3 Isopentane H3 C CH3 CH3 CH3 Neopentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane Pentane
Problem 4.2 Write the following constitutional isomers a C7H16(alkanes) b. CaH 7H14(alkenes and cycloalkanes c C5H12o(alcohol and ethers d. CsHj00(aldehydes and ketones)
Problem 4.2 Write the following constitutional isomers. a. C7 H16 (alkanes) b. C7 H14 (alkenes and cycloalkanes) c. C5 H12 O (alcohol and ethers) d. C5 H10 O (aldehydes and ketones)
43 UPAC nomenclature IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes IUPAC nomenclature of alkyl halides UPac nomenclature of alcohols
4.3 IUPAC nomenclature • IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes • IUPAC nomenclature of alkyl halides • IUPAC nomenclature of alcohols